HMS Belvidera (1809)

Belvidera took part in one of the earliest actions of the War of 1812 when she encountered the American frigates USS President, USS Congress and USS United States on 23 June 1812, five days after the war had started. Belvidera had been shadowing Marengo captained by French privateer John Ordronaux. The British were not aware that war had been declared and after returning fire they managed to evade their pursuers during the night. Belvidera's course during the fight had led the Americans away from a British convoy from Jamaica, allowing the convoy to escape attack. Belvidera arrived in Halifax on 27 June with three prizes that she captured on the way.[3][4]

On 16 July 1812, Belvidera was part of a British squadron that gave chase to USS Constitution, another of the United States' heavy frigates, which was on her way from Chesapeake Bay to New York. In the very light winds, both sides put out boats to tow the ships. Constitution gained an advantage by using her anchors to pull herself about four miles ahead of Belvidera. Captain Byron then copied the manoeuvre of Constitution and managed to bring the two ships within gunshot. They exchanged fire as a light breeze came up, and by daylight on 19 July Constitution, being newly out of port, was able to escape.

For the remainder of the war, Belvidera was active in the blockade of the American coast, capturing many American merchant ships and privateers. Between 1 June 1812 and 14 December 1812, Belvidera captured a number of merchant vessels:[5]

• brig Malcolm, of 197 tons, sailing from Madeira to Portland, carrying dollars and wine (24 June);
• ship Fortune, of 317 tons, sailing from Cape de Verde to Newbury Port, carrying salt (25 June).
• brig Minerva, of 256 tons, sailing from Liverpool to Boston with coals and salt (6 July; with Africa, Aeolus and Shannon);
• ship Oronoko, of 427 tons, sailing from Lisbon to New York, in ballast (11 July; with Africa, Shannon, Aeolus and Guerriere);
• brig Hare, of 246 tons, sailing from Naples to Boston, with brandy, silks, oil, &c. (1 August); and,
• schooner Friendship, of 98 tons, sailing from Charleston to New York, carrying cotton (11 September). Also, they captured the
• ship Eleanor (23 July).[6][lower-alpha 1]

Belvidera, Aeolus, Africa, Shannon and Guerriere were among the vessels that shared in the proceeds of the capture of USS Nautilus on 16 July. At the time of her capture she mounted 16 guns, had crew of 106 men and was under the command of Lieutenant William M. Crane.[lower-alpha 2]

On 21 August Belvidera captured the U.S. privateer 7-gun schooner Bunker's Hill, with 72 men.[8][lower-alpha 3] On 10 September Belvidera detained Citizen.[9] Two days later Belvidera captured the American schooner Hiram.[10]

Belvidera recaptured the Post Office Packet Service packet Nocton on 5 January 1813. The USS Essex had captured Nocton 11 December 1812. Belvidera sent Nocton into Bermuda. After undergoing some refitting Nocton arrived back at Falmouth on 17 March.[11]

On 8 February 1813, nine boats and 200 men of Maidstone, Belvidera, Junon and Statira, which were at anchor in Lynhaven Bay, chased and captured the letter of marque schooner Lottery, of 225 tons, and pierced for 16 guns though only carrying six 12-pounder carronades. She had a crew 28 men and was sailing from Baltimore to Bordeaux with a cargo of coffee, sugar, and logwood. In the engagement the British had six men wounded, one of whom later died, but Belvidera herself suffered no casualties.[12] The Americans suffered 19 men wounded, including their captain, John Southcomb, before they struck. Southcomb died of his wounds and his body was taken ashore.[13]

A week later Lottery convoyed several prizes to Bermuda.[14] The British took Lottery into service as the 16-gun schooner Canso.

Belvidera was among the numerous British warships that shared in the capture of the American ship St. Michael on 10 February.[15] On 25 September 1813, Belvidera, Statira and Morgiana were in company when they captured Ambition.[16]

On 19 December Jaseur and Niemen captured Rising States. Belvidera and Narcissus shared in the proceeds of the capture by agreement with Jaseur.[17] Then on Christmas Day, Belvidera captured the schooner USS Vixen, which was attempting to get from Wilmington, North Carolina, to Newcastle, Delaware.[18] The US had purchased Vixen at Savannah, Georgia, in 1813 but when Belvidera captured her she had not yet received her armament of 14 guns nor naval stores.

On 7 March 1814, Belvidera, Endymion and Rattler captured the American privateer Mars. Mars was armed with 15 guns and had a crew of 70 men.[19] A later report has them destroying her on 10 March.[19] Belvidera was also among the vessels sharing in the proceeds of the capture of the brigs Christina and Massasoit on 3 and 14 March.[20]

On 21 April 1814, Belvidera captured the US ship New Zealander, of 256 tons, armed with six guns and with a crew of 17 men. She was sailing from the Marquesas to Philadelphia carrying a cargo of spermaceti oil.[21] New Zealander, a prize to USS Essex, had departed Valparaiso for the United States and was only one day out of New York when Belvidera captured her. In addition Belvidera captured the following American vessels:

• schooner Nancy and Polly, carrying shingles (19 June);
• sloop Alonzo (22 June);
• sloop Hunter, of 60 tons and nine men, sailing from New Burn to New York, carrying tar and turpentine (24 June).[21]