HMS Negro (1916)

HMS Negro[lower-alpha 1] was an Admiralty M-class destroyer of the Royal Navy. She was built by Palmers at Jarrow, Tyneside and launched 8 March 1916, but was sunk after colliding with HMS Hoste in the North Sea on 21 December 1916; depth charges from Hoste exploded and blew out Negro's hull plating. The ship was the second Royal Navy warship to bear the name Negro with the first being the 1813 Negro, ex-Niger.[4]

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Negro.

History
United Kingdom
BuilderPalmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company, Jarrow
Launched8 March 1916
FateSank following collision 21 December 1916
General characteristics
Class and typeAdmiralty M-class destroyer
Displacement
  • 994 long tons (1,010 t) standard
  • 1,042 long tons (1,059 t) full load
Length269 ft (82 m)
Beam27 ft 6 in (8.38 m)
Draught
  • 8 ft 8 in (2.64 m) mean
  • 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) maximum
Propulsion3 shafts, steam turbines, 25,000 shp (18,642 kW)
Speed34 knots (39.1 mph; 63.0 km/h)
Range237–298 tons fuel oil
Complement80
Armament

Description

The Admiralty M class were improved and faster versions of the preceding Laforey-class destroyer.[1] They displaced 971 long tons (987 t). The ships had an overall length of 273 feet 4 inches (83.3 m), a beam of 26 feet 8 inches (8.1 m) and a draught of 9 feet 8 inches (2.9 m). They were powered by three Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four Yarrow boilers. The turbines developed a total of 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000 kW) and gave a maximum speed of 34 knots (63 km/h; 39 mph). The ships carried a maximum of 237 long tons (241 t) of fuel oil that gave them a range of 2,100 nautical miles (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). The ships' complement was 76 officers and ratings.[5]

The ships were armed with three single QF 4-inch (102 mm) Mark IV guns and two QF 1.5-pounder (37 mm) anti-aircraft guns. These latter guns were later replaced by a pair of QF 2-pounder (40 mm) "pom-pom" anti-aircraft guns. The ships were also fitted with two above water twin mounts for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedoes.[5]

Construction

The outbreak of the First World War meant that the Royal Navy had a requirement for large numbers of extra destroyers to replace expected war losses, and a number of large orders were quickly placed, with existing types such as the M class being favoured to allow rapid construction. Negro was one of ten M-class destroyers ordered as part of the Second War Programme in early November 1914.[6] She was laid down at Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company's Jarrow shipyard in January 1915, was launched on 8 March 1916 and completed in May 1916.[7]

Service

On commissioning, Negro joined the 13th Destroyer Flotilla of the Grand Fleet.[8] Having only recently been completed, Negro did not sail with her Flotilla on 30 May 1916 to take part in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June,[9] although in the aftermath of the battle she did help to escort the damaged battleship Warspite back to Rosyth.[10] On 18 August 1916, the Grand Fleet sailed in response to a sortie by the German High Seas Fleet. The two fleets failed to meet each other before the Germans withdrew, but as the Grand Fleet was heading for home, the light cruiser Falmouth was torpedoed twice by the German submarine U-66 at 16:52hr. Negro along with the destroyers Pasley and Pelican came to Falmouth's aid and after U-66 was driven off by Pelican, escorted the damaged cruiser as she slowly made her way towards the Humber estuary. Despite a strong destroyer escort, which grew to nine destroyers, Falmouth was struck by two more torpedoes from U-63 at noon on 20 August. Falmouth eventually sank at 08:10hr on 21 August near Flamborough Head.[11][12]

Sinking

On 19 December 1916, the Grand Fleet left Scapa Flow to carry out exercises between Shetland and Norway. On the morning of 20 December, the Flotilla leader Hoste suffered a failure of her steering gear at high speed, almost colliding with several other ships, and was detached to return to Scapa with Negro as escort. At about 01:30 hr on 21 December, in extremely poor weather, with gale-force winds and a heavy sea, Hoste's rudder jammed again, forcing the ship into a sudden turn to port. Negro, following about 400 yards (370 m) behind, collided with Hoste. The collision knocked two depth charges off Hoste's stern which exploded, badly damaging the rear end of Hoste and blowing in the bottom of Negro's hull, flooding her engine room.[13][14] Negro sank quickly, and despite the efforts of the destroyer Marmion to rescue survivors,[15] fifty-one officers and men of Negro's crew were killed.[16] Marmion and Marvel attempted to tow the crippled Hoste back to Scapa, but after three hours, Hoste began to founder. Despite the severe conditions, Marvel went alongside Hoste to rescue the crew of the sinking ship, and when repeatedly forced apart by the heavy seas, repeated the manoeuvre another twelve times. While Marvel sustained damage to her forecastle from repeated impacts between the two ships, she managed to rescue all but four of Hoste's crew before Hoste finally sank.[17][16] Eight officers and 126 men were rescued by Marvel.[18]

Wreck

In August 2023, the wrecks of Hoste and Negro were located and identified. Negro is lying at a depth of 100 metres (330 ft) in two pieces, close to each other, north-east of Fair Isle. She was firmly identified by the ship's bell.[19][20]


Notes
  1. Royal Navy destroyers had been grouped into alphabetical classes since 1913, with new destroyers having names beginning with their class letter. The large orders placed for M-class destroyers following the outbreak of the First World War resulted in names beginning with N, P and O also being used for ships of the class.[2][3]

Citations
  1. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 76
  2. Manning 1961, pp. 17–18, 68
  3. Dorling 1932, p. 415
  4. Colledge & Warlow 2006, p. 240
  5. Friedman 2009, p. 298
  6. Friedman 2009, pp. 155–156, 308
  7. Friedman 2009, p. 308
  8. "Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: Destroyer Flotillas of the Grand Fleet". The Navy List. June 1916. p. 12. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  9. Campbell 1998, pp. 13, 25
  10. Campbell 1998, pp. 323–324
  11. Jellicoe 1919, pp. 438, 444
  12. Naval Staff Monograph No. 33 1927, pp. 97–98, 109–111
  13. Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 80
  14. Dorling 2011, pp. 223–235
  15. Dorling 2011, p. 225
  16. Kindel, Don (15 February 2011). "1st to 31st December 1916 in date, ship/unit & name order". World War 1 – Casualty Lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies. Naval-history.net. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  17. Dorling 2011, pp. 226–227
  18. Coxon 2016, p. 40
  19. "Divers discover tragic WW1 destroyers off Orkney". News. London: Royal Navy. 31 August 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  20. "HMS Negro". Lost In Waters Deep. 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.

References
  • Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-750-3.
  • Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006). Ships of The Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships from the 15th Century to the Present. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
  • Coxon, Stanley William (2016). Dover During the Dark Days. BiblioLife. ISBN 978-1-357-73447-3.
  • Dorling, Taprell (1932). Endless Story: Being an Account of the Work of the Destroyers, Flotilla-Leaders, Torpedo-Boats and Patrol Boats in the Great War. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
  • Dorling, Taprell (2011). Endless Story – Being an Account of the Work of the Destroyers, Flotilla-Leaders, Torpedo-Boats and Patrol Boats in the Great War. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4474-1101-7.
  • Friedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.
  • Jellicoe, John (1919). The Grand Fleet: 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development and Work. London: Cassell and Company.
  • Manning, T.D. (1961). The British Destroyer. London: Putnam and Co.
  • March, Edgar J. (1966). British Destroyers: A History of Development, 1892–1953; Drawn by Admiralty Permission From Official Records & Returns, Ships' Covers & Building Plans. London: Seeley Service. OCLC 164893555.
  • Monograph No. 33: Home Waters—Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. XVII. The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1927.

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