Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.[lower-alpha 1]

Hallingmål-Valdris
Halling, Hallingdøl, Valdresmål
Native toNorway
RegionHallingdal, Valdres
Language codes
ISO 639-3
GlottologNone
Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres

Phonology

Consonants

  • /rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ])[4] "the bar".[5][lower-alpha 2]
  • /rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].[5]
  • The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either l or in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.[7]
  • The consonant clusters sk, skj, and sj were not pronounced as [ʂ], only -rs- was.[8] Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces sj as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].[9]
  • The consonant clusters sl and tl were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥],[10][11] and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated sl to [ʂl].[9]
  • The clusters -ld, -nd and -mb are pronounced as spelled.[12][13][14]
  • The Old Norse cluster -fn is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].[13]

Vowels

  • The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.[15][16]
  • The short Old Norse vowels o and ö are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ].[7][17][18] In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].[7]
  • Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].[15]
  • The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.[15]
  • Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [].[19]
  • The Old Norse diphthongs ei, ey and au are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal)[19] and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.[7][8]

Grammar

Declension of nouns[20][21][lower-alpha 3]
Gender Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Dative Indefinite Definite Dative
Feminine Strong
(with i-
declension)
[suːɽ][suːɽɛ][suːɳ][ˈsuːˈɽɛ],[lower-alpha 4]
[ˈsuːˈɽi][lower-alpha 5]
[ˈsuːɽˈidn̩][ˈsuːˈɽu]
Strong
(with a-decl.)
[jaɪ̯t][ˈjaɪ̯ˈtɛ][ˈjaɪ̯ˈtn̩][jaɪ̯ta][ˈjaɪ̯ˈtadn̩][ˈjaɪ̯ˈtu]
Weak
(with u-decl.)
[ˈjɛnˈtɛ][ˈjɛnˈta][ˈjɛnˈtʉn][ˈjɛnˈtʉ][ˈjɛnˈtʉdn̩][ˈjɛnˈtu]
Masculine Strong
(with a-decl.)
[gʉːt][gʉːtn̩][gʉːta][ˈgʉːˈta][ˈgʉːˈtadn̩][ˈgʉːˈtu]
Strong
(with i-decl.)
[griːs][griːsn̩][ˈgriːˈsɛ][ˈgriːˈsɛ],[lower-alpha 4]
[ˈgriːˈsi][lower-alpha 5]
[ˈgriːˈsidn̩][griːsu]
Weak
(with a-decl.)
[ˈbakˈkɛ][ˈbakˈkin][ˈbakˈka][ˈbakˈka][ˈbakˈkadn̩][ˈbakˈku]
Neutrum Strong [hʉːs][hʉːsɛ][ˈhʉːˈsɛ][hʉːs][hʉːsɛ]
Weak [aʊ̯ga][aʊ̯ga(ə)][aʊ̯gaɛ][aʊ̯gʉ],[lower-alpha 6] [aʊ̯gu][lower-alpha 4][aʊ̯gu],[lower-alpha 6]
[aʊ̯gʉdn̩][lower-alpha 4]
[aʊ̯gu]
Personal pronouns[22][23][lower-alpha 3]
Person Subjective
case
Objective
case
Dative
case
Possessive
Feminine Masculine Neuter
Subj./Obj. Dative Subj./Obj. Dative Subj./Obj. Dative
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
1st p. sg. [eː][meː][meː][miː][ˈmiːˈnə][ˈmiːˈnə][miː][mɪn][ˈmiːˈnə][ˈmiːˈnə][miː][mɪt][ˈmiːˈnə][ˈmiːˈnə][miː]
2nd person sg. [dʉː][deː][deː][diː][ˈdiːˈnə][ˈdiːˈnə][diː][dɪn][ˈdiːˈnə][ˈdiːˈnə][diː][dɪt][ˈdiːˈnə][ˈdiːˈnə][diː]
3rd p. sg. f. [huː],
[ˈhuːˈna]
[huː],
[ˈhuːˈna]
[ˈhɛnˈnɛ],
[n]
[ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar]),[lower-alpha 7] [ˈhɛnˈnɛs][lower-alpha 8]
3rd p. sg. m. [han], [n][han], [n][huːnu], [u][has]
3rd p. sg. n. [dɛ][dɛ][di][siː][ˈsiːˈnə][ˈsiːˈnə][siː][sɪn][ˈsiːˈnə][ˈsiːˈnə][siː][sɪt][ˈsiːˈnə][ˈsiːˈnə][siː]
1st p. pl. [meː], [mɞː][lower-alpha 9][ʉs], [ɞs][lower-alpha 10][ʉs], [ɞs][lower-alpha 10][voːr][voʈ][ˈvoːˈre][lower-alpha 11][ˈvoːˈru]
2nd p. pl. [deː], [dɞː][lower-alpha 9][ˈdikˈka(n)],
[ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]
[ˈdikˈka(n)],
[ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]
[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]
3rd p. pl [daɪ̯][daɪ̯][daɪ̯][ˈdaɪ̯ˈris], [ˈdeːˈris], [ˈdeːˈres][lower-alpha 10]

Citations

Notes

  1. The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen in Sør-Aurdal, Valdres don't speak Valdris,[2] as their dialect is closer to the Ringerike dialect.[3]
  2. It may also be realized as [tn̩] in Hemsedal, Gol and the southern villages in Valdres, although this only occurs in plural definite form.[6][5]
  3. The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift.
  4. Only used in Valdres.[21]
  5. Only used in Hallingdal and the southern villages in Valdres.[21]
  6. Only used in Hallingdal.[21]
  7. These forms are used interchangeably,[24] though Hallingdal only uses the first, without the r.[25]
  8. Only used in Aurdal and Etnedal.[24]
  9. Only used in Valdres, except for Vang.[24]
  10. Only used in Sør-Aurdal.[24]
  11. In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre, [ˈvoːˈra] has been used for feminine, but is not used today.[26]
  12. Only used in Hol and Ål.[27]

References

  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  2. Kvåle 1999, p. 7.
  3. Jahr 1990, p. 57.
  4. Kvåle 1999, p. 12.
  5. Skjekkeland 1997, p. 116.
  6. Kvåle 1999, p. 19, 21.
  7. Jahr 1990, p. 58.
  8. Kvåle 1999, p. 17.
  9. Venås 1977, p. 36.
  10. Ross 1907, p. 20.
  11. Venås 1977, p. 16.
  12. Kvåle 1999, p. 18.
  13. Skjekkeland 1997, p. 216.
  14. Venås 1977, p. 48.
  15. Kvåle 1999, p. 15.
  16. Skjekkeland 1997, p. 47.
  17. Kvåle 1999, p. 16.
  18. Venås, Kjell. "dialekter i Hallingdal". snl.no. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  19. Jahr 1990, p. 56.
  20. Kvåle 1999, p. 20-25.
  21. Ross 1907, p. 22.
  22. Kvåle 1999, p. 32-34.
  23. Venås 1977, p. 127-133.
  24. Kvåle 1999, p. 32.
  25. Venås 1977, p. 127-128.
  26. Kvåle 1999, p. 34.
  27. Venås 1977, p. 129.

Literature


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