Hamburg Notation System

HamNoSys can depict most sign languages, so the notation system is used internationally in research settings. Notable universities doing research with the writing system are major institutions in Finland, Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Germany [3] . HamNoSys was the original writing system used in the SiGML (Signing Gesture Mark-up Language). SiGML takes XML representations of each symbol and creates a 3D rendering or an avatar [4] .

The script includes almost 200 symbols and utilizes subscripts, superscripts, and diaretics. There are five categories of characters used in HamNoSys, which, when put together, describe a sign. [5] A single sign is expressed by a series of symbols that contain various optional and required parameters in the order listed:

1. Symmetry Operator (Optional) is usually represented with two dots to signal both hands are used to do the sign or specify if the non-dominant hand is used.
2. Non-Manual Marker (NMM) (Optional) is an optional parameter to symbolize any facial or vocal actions that occur when using the sign, for example, pursing one's lips or raising eyebrows. Various symbols for handshapes with closed fists and extended fingers
3. 

   Various symbols for handshapes with closed fists and extended fingers
   Handshape describes the shape of the hand, for example, how many fingers should be extended to what, if any, degree the fingers should be bent, and the location of the thumb. The most common symbols used in this category contain an oval with lines to symbolize fingers extended, curved lines to describe how fingers should be bent (with corresponding numbers 1-5 to signify which finger), and any marks or breaks inside the oval can symbolize the distance between the fingers and palm.
4. Hand orientation is also part of the same segment as (3). These show, for example, the palm orientation or direction the extended fingers are pointing. When discussing palm orientation, the symbols include narrow ovals with one thick side, that side facing different directions, in combination with small carrots signaling certain or more advanced angles, and pointing concerning something else.
5. Hand location describes where one's hand is when signing compared to one's body. Some signs occur in front of the sternum or shoulders, while others at the chin or temple. Using symbols that often look like the body parts being described, locations of are marked by a black square placed in the feature's orientation.
6. Movement (Optional) denotes any movement in the signs, like a finger pointing up then down or a sign traveling from left to right of the sternum. These are often complex, using symbols similar to those in hand orientation (4) with arrows and carrots, with lines that can symbolize straight, wavy, or circular movements. There are also characters like brackets or parentheses to separate sequential or unified movements.