Handley Page Jetstream

Handley Page was in an awkward position in the 1960s, wishing to remain independent of the "big two" British companies (Hawker Siddeley and the British Aircraft Corporation), but without the money needed to develop a large new airliner that would keep it in the market. After studying the market it decided that its next product would be a highly competitive small airliner instead, filling a niche it identified for a 12–18 seat high-speed design. Compared to its three closest rivals, the Beechcraft King Air, Aero Commander Turbo Commander and Swearingen Merlin it offered "more capacity, better range-payload, higher speed and greater comfort".[1] American salesman and modification engineer Jack Riley claimed to have written the design specifications.[2] The design garnered intense interest in the US when it was first introduced, and an order for 20 had been placed even before the drawings were complete. Charles Joy was responsible for the design.

The original design dates from 1965 as a 12-seat (six rows with a centre aisle) aircraft. The aircraft was a low-wing, high-tail monoplane of conventional layout. Considerable attention was paid to streamlining in order to improve performance, which led to one of the design's more distinctive features, a long nose profile. The fuselage had a circular cross-section to minimize the structural weight required for the pressurisation which enabled much higher altitude and consequent higher speed and comfort than competing unpressurised designs. The aisle between the seats had a 5 ft 11in headroom[3] but the main spar formed a step in the aisle, which was a tripping hazard.

Final assembly took place in a new factory at the Radlett aerodrome, but large portions of the structure were subcontracted, including complete wings being built by Scottish Aviation at Prestwick, Scotland and the tail section by Northwest Industries of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The original design used Turbomeca Astazou XVI engines of approximately 840 hp (626 kW), and flew on 18 August 1967 as the Jetstream 1.[4] Throughout the test program the engines proved to be a weak point, being generally underpowered for the design, and surprisingly temperamental for what was then a mature and widely used turboshaft design. Testing was eventually moved to the Turboméca factory airfield in the south of France, both to allow faster turnaround with engine work, and in order to improve the schedule by taking advantage of the better weather.

In order to improve sales prospects in the US, the fifth prototype was fitted with the US-built Garrett TPE-331 in place of the French Astazou. Changing to the US-built engine was enough to allow the United States Air Force to consider it for cargo use. It eventually placed an order for 11, fitted with a cargo door and accommodation for 12 passengers or six stretcher cases, to be known as the C-10A, or Jetstream 3M. The US Air Force cancelled its order in October 1969 citing late delivery.[5]

The first production model Jetstream 1 flew on 6 December 1968,[6] and over the next year 36 would be delivered. However, by this point Handley Page had given up on the original engine, and the Jetstream 2 was launched with the larger 965 hp (720 kW) Astazou XVI, starting deliveries in late 1969. The late delivery and engine problems had driven development costs to over £13 million, far more than the original £3 million projections. Only three Jetstream 2s would be completed before Handley Page went bankrupt, and the production line was eventually shut down in 1970.

There was enough interest in the design that it was first picked up by a collaboration of investors and Scottish Aviation which formed a company called "Jetstream Aircraft" to produce the aircraft. A further ten Jetstream 1s were produced by this team. Scottish Aviation continued production of the Jetstream 2 as well, although referring to it as the Jetstream 200. In February 1972, 26 Jetstream 201s were ordered by the Royal Air Force, which used them as multi-engine trainers as the Jetstream T.1. Fourteen of these were modified as observer trainers for the Royal Navy, receiving the designation Jetstream T2.

The aircraft was used mainly by corporate operators and scheduled passenger commuter/regional airlines.

Military operators

Jetstream T1 of the Royal Air Force

Jetstream T2 of the Royal Navy

 United Kingdom

Apollo Airways Fleet, Santa Barbara California

• Royal Air Force retired 2003.
• Royal Navy retired 2011.

 Uruguay

• Uruguayan Navy former Royal Navy T2s. Retired 2010.

• 17 April 1981, Century III conversion N11360 operating Air US flight 716 collided with a private Cessna 206 carrying skydivers after taking off from Fort Collins-Loveland Municipal Airport., killing all 13 passengers and crew on board the Century III and the two people in the Cessna 206.[9]

Germany

• Jetsteam T.2 XX476/CU-561 at Flugausstellung Hermeskeil[10]

Netherlands

• Jetstream T.2 XX481/CU-560 at Speelpark & Maisdoolhof Voorthuizen[11]

United Kingdom

• Jetstream T.1 XX492 at Newark Air Museum, Nottinghamshire.[12]
• Jetstream T.1 XX494 at East Midlands Aeropark, Leicestershire.[13]
• Jetstream T.1 XX495 at South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum, Doncaster, South Yorks.
• Jetstream T.1 XX496 at Royal Air Force Museum Cosford, Shropshire.[14]
• Jetstream T.1 XX499 at Brooklands Museum, Surrey.[15]

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77.[16]

General characteristics

• Crew: two
• Capacity: 16 passengers
• Length: 47 ft 2 in (14.37 m)
• Wingspan: 52 ft 0 in (15.85 m)
• Height: 17 ft 5 in (5.32 m)
• Wing area: 270.0 sq ft (25.08 m²)
• Empty weight: 7,683 lb (3,485 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 12,566 lb (5,700 kg)
• Fuel capacity: 384 Imp Gallons (1,745 L)
• Powerplant: 2 × Turbomeca Astazou XVIC turboprop, 921 hp (687 kW) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 282 mph (454 km/h, 245 kn)
• Cruise speed: 269 mph (433 km/h, 234 kn) (econ cruise)
• Stall speed: 88 mph (142 km/h, 76 kn) (flaps down)
• Never exceed speed: 345 mph (555 km/h, 300 kn)
• Range: 1,380 mi (2,220 km, 1,200 nmi)
• Service ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,600 m)
• Rate of climb: 2,500 ft/min (13 m/s)

Related development

• British Aerospace Jetstream 41

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante
• Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner
• Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector
• Beechcraft 1900

Related lists

• List of civil aircraft

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Handley Page Jetstream.

Notes

Bibliography

• Barnes, C.H. (1976). Handley Page Aircraft since 1907. London: Putnam. ISBN 978-0-370-00030-5.
• Ellis, Ken (2016). Wrecks and Relics 25th Edition. Manchester, England: Crecy Publishing. ISBN 978-191080-9037.
• Jackson, A J (1973). British Civil Aircraft Since 1919, Volume 2 (Second ed.). Putnam. ISBN 978-0-370-10010-4.
• Taylor, John W. R. (1976). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77. London: Jane's Yearbooks. ISBN 978-0-354-00538-8.