Haplogroup IJK

Haplogroup IJK
Haplogroup IJK
Possible time of origin	49,000-59,000 BP[1]
Possible place of origin	Eurasia
Ancestor	Haplogroup HIJK
Descendants	IJ, K
Defining mutations	L15/S137, L16/S138, L69.1(=G)/S163.1

Haplogroup IJK is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. IJK is a primary branch of the macrohaplogroup HIJK. Its direct descendants are haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K.[2]

Distribution and structure

IJK has not been reported in modern populations or in ancient human remains. Previously basal paragroup HIJK* was reported in a Mesolithic European (Magdalenian), GoyetQ-2, and Upper Paleolithic European (Gravettian), Vestonice16.[3] Later study in 2023 with high quality sequencing of Magdalenian, GoyetQ-2, Gravettian, Vestonice16 were assigned with Haplogroup I.[4]

Populations with high proportions of males who belong to descendant major haplogroups of Haplogroup HIJK live across widely dispersed areas and populations. Subclades of IJK are now concentrated in males native to:

Europe (e. g. haplogroups I, J, R and N);
the Caucasus, Near East and North East Africa (e.g. haplogroups J and T);
South Asia (e.g. haplogroups J, L and R);
East Asia，Southeast Asia, Oceania, and the Pacific (e. g. haplogroups K, M, O, P, S)
Northern Eurasia, (e.g. haplogroups N and Q) and;
Native American peoples (e. g. haplogroup Q and R).

Basic phylogeny

IJK
- IJK (L15/S137, L16/S138, L69.1(=G)/S163.1)
  - IJ (M429/P125, P123, P124, P126, P127, P129, P130, S2, S22)
  - K (M9, P128, P131, P132)

Phylogenetic tree

Haplogroup IJK†

IJ

I

	I1 found mainly in Northern Europe.

	I2found mainly in South-Eastern Europe

J

	J1 found mainly in the Caucasus and Middle East.

	J2 found mainly in the Caucasus, Near East, Central Asia, South Asia and Southern Europe.

K†

LT†

	L found mainly in Central Asia, South Asia and Western Asia.

	T now concentrated in the Horn of Africa, the Arabian subcontinent, India and Eurasia.

K2

K2* – the basal subclade is found at significant levels among indigenous Australians. Also found at Mandar and Toba Batak one of the Indigenous Tribe in Sundaland.[5]

NO* † (found only in the remains of Ust'-Ishim man,<br /> dating from 45,000 BP [6]) → NO1 (K2a)

	NO1* †

	N found mainly in Northern Asia and Northern Europe.

	O found mainly in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.

K2b†

K2b1*† – subclades of K2b1 include the major haplogroups M and S; these are now found mainly among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians

P (K2b2)

	P* rare; found mostly in Island South East Asia, Eastern Siberia and Central Asia

	P1 – the primary subclades are major haplogroups Q and R, which are now numerically dominant in Central Asia, Europe, South Asia, the Middle East and among Native Americans

	P2 extremely rare and found only in the Philippines

K2c – rare lineage, found mainly in males from Bali[7]

K2d – rare lineage, found mainly in Java

K2e – rare lineage, found only in two living males from South India[7]

† = A basal haplogroup that has not been documented among living individuals.

(Based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.[8])

Mutation

L15

The defining SNP L15 is located at Y chromosomal location rs9786139 with the ancestral value being A and the derived value being G.

L16

The defining SNP L16 is at location rs9786714 with the ancestral value being G and the derived value being A.

References

The remains of Ust'-Ishim man, dating from 45,000 BP have been found to be NO*, meaning that IJK must be significantly older.
"FTDNA Advanced SNP Descriptions". Archived from the original on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
Fu, Q.; Posth, C.; Hajdinjak, M.; Petr, M.; Mallick, S.; Fernandes, D.; Furtwängler, A.; Haak, W.; Meyer, M.; Mittnik, A.; Nickel, B.; Peltzer, A.; Rohland, N.; Slon, V.; Talamo, S.; Lazaridis, I.; Lipson, M.; Mathieson, I.; Schiffels, S.; Skoglund, P.; Derevianko, A. P.; Drozdov, N.; Slavinsky, V.; Tsybankov, A.; Cremonesi, R. G.; Mallegni, F.; Gély, B.; Vacca, E.; González Morales, M. R.; et al. (2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature. 534 (7606): 200–205. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..200F. doi:10.1038/nature17993. PMC 4943878. PMID 27135931.
Posth, Cosimo; Yu, He; Ghalichi, Ayshin; Rougier, Hélène; Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Huang, Yilei; Ringbauer, Harald; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Nägele, Kathrin; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Radzeviciute, Rita; Ferraz, Tiago; Stoessel, Alexander; Tukhbatova, Rezeda; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Lari, Martina; Modi, Alessandra; Vai, Stefania; Saupe, Tina; Scheib, Christiana L.; Catalano, Giulio; Pagani, Luca; Talamo, Sahra; Fewlass, Helen; Klaric, Laurent; Morala, André; Rué, Mathieu; Madelaine, Stéphane; Crépin, Laurent; Caverne, Jean-Baptiste; Bocaege, Emmy; Ricci, Stefano; Boschin, Francesco; Bayle, Priscilla; Maureille, Bruno; Le Brun-Ricalens, Foni; Bordes, Jean-Guillaume; Oxilia, Gregorio; Bortolini, Eugenio; Bignon-Lau, Olivier; Debout, Grégory; Orliac (March 2023). "Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers". Nature. 615 (7950): 117–126. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0. hdl:10256/23099. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
" caption caption="Mark Lipson et al (2014)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7523/extref/nature13810-s1.pdf
Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Herawati Sudoyo, J. Stephen Lansing and Michael F. Hammer; 2015, "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia", European Journal of Human Genetics, no. 23 (March), pp. 369–73.
Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.

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[vanOven2014-9] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.

[ISOGG2015-10] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-11] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-12] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-13] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-14] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-15] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-16] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-17] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-18] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-19] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-20] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-21] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-22] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[1] The remains of Ust'-Ishim man, dating from 45,000 BP have been found to be NO*, meaning that IJK must be significantly older.

[FTDNAadvSNP-2] "FTDNA Advanced SNP Descriptions". Archived from the original on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2008-11-06.

[urlThe_genetic_history_of_Ice_Age_Europe-3] Fu, Q.; Posth, C.; Hajdinjak, M.; Petr, M.; Mallick, S.; Fernandes, D.; Furtwängler, A.; Haak, W.; Meyer, M.; Mittnik, A.; Nickel, B.; Peltzer, A.; Rohland, N.; Slon, V.; Talamo, S.; Lazaridis, I.; Lipson, M.; Mathieson, I.; Schiffels, S.; Skoglund, P.; Derevianko, A. P.; Drozdov, N.; Slavinsky, V.; Tsybankov, A.; Cremonesi, R. G.; Mallegni, F.; Gély, B.; Vacca, E.; González Morales, M. R.; et al. (2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature. 534 (7606): 200–205. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..200F. doi:10.1038/nature17993. PMC 4943878. PMID 27135931.

[4] Posth, Cosimo; Yu, He; Ghalichi, Ayshin; Rougier, Hélène; Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Huang, Yilei; Ringbauer, Harald; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Nägele, Kathrin; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Radzeviciute, Rita; Ferraz, Tiago; Stoessel, Alexander; Tukhbatova, Rezeda; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Lari, Martina; Modi, Alessandra; Vai, Stefania; Saupe, Tina; Scheib, Christiana L.; Catalano, Giulio; Pagani, Luca; Talamo, Sahra; Fewlass, Helen; Klaric, Laurent; Morala, André; Rué, Mathieu; Madelaine, Stéphane; Crépin, Laurent; Caverne, Jean-Baptiste; Bocaege, Emmy; Ricci, Stefano; Boschin, Francesco; Bayle, Priscilla; Maureille, Bruno; Le Brun-Ricalens, Foni; Bordes, Jean-Guillaume; Oxilia, Gregorio; Bortolini, Eugenio; Bignon-Lau, Olivier; Debout, Grégory; Orliac (March 2023). "Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers". Nature. 615 (7950): 117–126. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0. hdl:10256/23099. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 22 March 2023.

[Mark_Lipson-5] " caption caption="Mark Lipson et al (2014)

[6] ttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7523/extref/nature13810-s1.pdf

[Karafet2015-7] Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Herawati Sudoyo, J. Stephen Lansing and Michael F. Hammer; 2015, "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia", European Journal of Human Genetics, no. 23 (March), pp. 369–73.

[Karafet-8] Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.