Haplogroup R-Z18

R-Z18 is a subclade of the R-U106 branch of Haplogroup R.

It includes all men who have the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) designated Z18 in their Y chromosome.

Z18, also called S493, is defined to be mutation in which the nucleotide at position 14,991,735[1] along the Y chromosome has mutated from guanine (G) to adenine (A).

Z18 was discovered during Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project,[2] and entered on 16 August 2014 into the SNP database dbSNP at the National Center for Biotechnology Information as reference SNP cluster report rs767290651.[3]

R-U106 is one of the major sub groups of R1b in coastal Western Europe, but Z18 is only about 5-10% of U106.

R-Z18 has its highest concentrations in Scandinavia, but is also found throughout areas of Germanic migration, including the Low Countries, Central Europe, and the British Isles.[4] The likely Scandinavian origins of R-Z18 are bolstered by the dominance of Scandinavian individuals among ancient DNA samples. These consist of individuals found in Sweden, Norway, and Iceland; settlers in Orkney and the Isle of Man; executed Scandinavians found in Oxfordshire and Dorset; and a Lombard individual found in what is now Hungary.[5][6][7][8]

On the basis of genetic results, the first carrier of this mutation lived around 2200 B.C., with a 90% confidence range of 3000 B.C. to 1400 B.C.[9]

Major known subclades of R-Z18 include R-ZP156, R-S11601, R-DF95, R-FGC7637, R-Z2396, R-S6119 and R-Z17.[10] although they continue to increase as more are found.

References
  1. This position is with respect to human reference genome assembly GRCh37/hg19 released on March 7, 2009 by the Genome Reference Consortium. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/assembly/grc/human/
  2. 1000 Genomes Project, http://www.1000genomes.org/
  3. National Center for Biotechnology Information, dbSNP Short Genetic Variations, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=767290651
  4. McDonald, Iain. "U106 explored: its relationships, geography, and history" (PDF).
  5. "Population genomics of the Viking world" (PDF). 2020.
  6. "Genomic and Strontium Isotope Variation Reveal Immigration Patterns in a Viking Age Town". 2018.
  7. Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna; Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen D.; Jagadeesan, Anuradha; Guðmundsdóttir, Valdís B.; Thordardóttir, Elísabet L.; Einarsdóttir, Margrét S.; Moore, Kristjan H. S.; Sigurðsson, Ásgeir; Magnúsdóttir, Droplaug N.; Jónsson, Hákon; Snorradóttir, Steinunn; Hovig, Eivind; Møller, Pål; Kockum, Ingrid; Olsson, Tomas; Alfredsson, Lars; Hansen, Thomas F.; Werge, Thomas; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Gilbert, Edmund; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Walser, Joe W.; Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Árnadóttir, Lilja; Magnússon, Ólafur Þ.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Stefánsson, Kári; Helgason, Agnar (2018). "Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population". Science. 360 (6392): 1028–1032. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1028E. doi:10.1126/science.aar2625. hdl:10852/71890. PMID 29853688. S2CID 44118336.
  8. Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G.; Vai, Stefania; Posth, Cosimo; Modi, Alessandra; Koncz, István; Hakenbeck, Susanne; La Rocca, Maria Cristina; Mende, Balazs; Bobo, Dean; Pohl, Walter; Baricco, Luisella Pejrani; Bedini, Elena; Francalacci, Paolo; Giostra, Caterina; Vida, Tivadar; Winger, Daniel; von Freeden, Uta; Ghirotto, Silvia; Lari, Martina; Barbujani, Guido; Krause, Johannes; Caramelli, David; Geary, Patrick J.; Veeramah, Krishna R. (2018). "Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3547. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3547A. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4. PMC 6134036. PMID 30206220.
  9. Based on an analysis of the SNP mutations found in 510 reconstructed partial Y chromosome sequences of known carriers of U106. Seventy-five of those Y-DNA sequences are known carriers of Z18. The analysis was performed by Dr. Iain McDonald and reported to the private R1b1c_U106-S21_Haplogroup Yahoo! Group on Nov 17, 2015. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/R1b1c_U106-S21/info
  10. Peter Op den Velde Boots, R-Z18 A North Sea Tribe, http://l257.groenebeverbv.nl/ Archived 2011-08-03 at the Wayback Machine
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