Haplophrentis

Haplophrentis is a genus of tiny shelled hyolithid which lived in the Cambrian Period. Its shell was long and conical, with the open end protected by an operculum, from which two fleshy arms called helens protruded at the sides. These arms served to elevate the opening of the shells above the sea floor, acting like stilts.[2]

Haplophrentis
Temporal range:
Reconstruction of Haplophrentis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Class: †Hyolitha
Order: †Hyolithida
Family: †Hyolithidae
Genus: †Haplophrentis
Matthew, 1899
Species
  • H. carinatus (Matthew, 1899)[1] (= H. cecrops Walcott)
  • H. reesei Babcock & Robison 1988 (type)
Haplophrentis carinatus from the Stephen Formation, Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian), Burgess Pass, British Columbia, Canada.

Morphology

Shell length of H. reesi reached up to 4.6 centimetres (1.8 in) while H. carinatus reached up to 3.05 centimetres (1.20 in). Juveniles could of course be smaller.[2] It is distinguished from Hyolithes by the presence of a longitudinal septum on the middle of the inner surface of the top of the shell.[1]

Its soft anatomy comprises 12(H. carinatus) to 16 (H. reesi) tentacles attached to a horseshoe-shaped lophophore. A pair of wide structures of uncertain function extend along the length of the conical shell. A larval shell is attached to the shell apex.[2]

Affinity

The soft anatomy of Haplophrentis was key to establishing the hyoliths as members of the Lophophorata, the group containing brachiopods and phoronids.[2] While some studies supported this interpretation,[3] other studies considered hyoliths as basal lophotrochozoan[4] or mollusk.[5][6]

Ecology

Haplophrentis was a filter feeder, using its lophophore to extract organic matter from passing seawater.[2] Specimens of Haplophrentis have been found in the gut of the predator Ottoia.

Occurrence

186 specimens of Haplophrentis are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 0.35% of the community.[7] It is also known from several specimens in the Spence Shale, and occurs prolifically at the Marble Canyon locality. Many specimens at Stanley Glacier display soft tissue well.[2]

References
  1. Babcock, L. E.; Robison, R. A. (1988). "Taxonomy and paleobiology of some Middle Cambrian Scenella (Cnidaria) and Hyolithids (Mollusca) from western North America" (PDF). University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions. 121: 1–22. ASIN B00071LPJW. hdl:1808/3638. OCLC 19610612.
  2. Moysiuk, Joseph; Smith, Martin R.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2017). "Hyoliths are Palaeozoic lophophorates" (PDF). Nature. 541 (7637): 394. Bibcode:2017Natur.541..394M. doi:10.1038/nature20804. PMID 28077871. S2CID 4409157.
  3. Sun, Haijing; Smith, Martin R.; Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fangchen; Li, Guoxiang; Zhu, Maoyan (2018-09-26). "Hyoliths with pedicles illuminate the origin of the brachiopod body plan". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 285 (1887): 20181780. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1780. PMC 6170810. PMID 30257914.
  4. Liu, Fan; Skovsted, Christian B; Topper, Timothy P; Zhang, Zhifei; Shu, Degan (2020-02-01). "Are hyoliths Palaeozoic lophophorates?". National Science Review. 7 (2): 453–469. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwz161. ISSN 2095-5138. PMC 8289160. PMID 34692060.
  5. Li, Luoyang; Zhang, Xingliang; Skovsted, Christian B.; Yun, Hao; Pan, Bing; Li, Guoxiang (2019). Smith, Andrew (ed.). "Homologous shell microstructures in Cambrian hyoliths and molluscs". Palaeontology. 62 (4): 515–532. Bibcode:2019Palgy..62..515L. doi:10.1111/pala.12406. S2CID 134098738.
  6. Li, Luoyang; Skovsted, Christian B.; Yun, Hao; Betts, Marissa J.; Zhang, Xingliang (2020-08-26). "New insight into the soft anatomy and shell microstructures of early Cambrian orthothecids (Hyolitha)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1933): 20201467. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1467. PMC 7482263. PMID 32811320.
  7. Caron, Jean-Bernard; Jackson, Donald A. (October 2006). "Taphonomy of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale". PALAIOS. 21 (5): 451–65. Bibcode:2006Palai..21..451C. doi:10.2110/palo.2003.P05-070R. JSTOR 20173022. S2CID 53646959.
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