Hawaiian Vaccinium

Hawaiian Vaccinium was originally placed in a section named Macropelma, which traditionally included the three Hawaiian species and a mysterious South Pacific Island species known as Vaccinium cereum.[8] Vaccinium cereum was originally described by Sleumer[6][5] as the type specimen for section Macropelma. There is much ongoing debate[5][3] as to the taxonomic placement of these four species as more information about their genetic relationships becomes available. The key distinctive morphological feature separating Vaccinium cereum from the Hawaiian taxa is the pseudo-10-locular ovary, which is similar to ovary structure common of Asian Vaccinium species, as opposed to the strictly 5-locular present in most New World species and the Hawaiian taxa. It was long believed that this pseudo-10-locular ovary was the plesiomorphic condition of the ancestor of Hawaiian Vaccinium, and the three Hawaiian taxa proliferated from V. cereum. However, as noted above, the Hawaiian taxa are hypothesized with moderate confidence to belong in the Myrtillus section, which is primarily North American. Combined evidence including molecular work done by Kron and Powell,[3] together with Sam Vander Kloet’s[5] detailed examination of morphological variation throughout the four species has concluded that Vaccinium cereum is probably a hybrid species, with origins shared between Vaccinium calycinum, a member of the Hawaiian taxa and Vaccinium fragile, a taxon of East Asian origin in section Eococcus. If Hawaiian Vaccinium is confirmed to be derived from section Myrtillus, this may mean that Vaccinium cereum represents an entity of union between new world and old world Vaccinium. However, these are simply exciting postulations for now, as there is much uncertainty surrounding the evolutionary history South Pacific Vaccinium in general. For instance, though there is confidence that Hawaiian taxa are close in relation to primarily North American section Myrtillus, some taxonomic treatments based on molecular data of Myrtillus have included Japanese species Vaccinium yatabei. These findings support that a Japanese species is just as likely to be closest in genetic relation to the Hawaiian taxa than the North American members.[3] Such a situation would place Japan as the likely origin of dispersal.

Little is known about the mysterious Vaccinium cereum!

It should be noted first that V. cereum is not Hawaiian. It ranges throughout islands in the South Pacific including the Cook Islands, Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, the Society Islands, at high elevations 838 - 1430 feet.[3][9] Vander Kloet[5] noted that Vaccinium cereum uniquely has a pseudo-10-locular ovary and a complex floriferous shoot, both characters associated with East Asian species of Vaccinium and not Hawaiian Vaccinium, which are strictly 5-locular in ovary structure.[5] Vaccinium cereum is said to be, on average, more similar to Hawaiian taxa in other reproductive and vegetative characters than Eastern Asian species, but persistently retains the pseudo-10-locular ovary, characteristic of Eastern Asian species.[3] Morphological variation throughout Vaccinium cereum’s range is enormous: pubescence, glaucescence, fruit and flower color all vary widely from island to island, sometimes from population to population on the same island, and, miraculously, from individual to individual within populations. Some become more uniform on larger islands where populations seem to be more stable,[5] but the norm seems to be outlandish. Vander Kloet, a researcher very experienced with Vaccinium, once found a single individual that exhibited all types of inflorescences he had ever seen on any Vaccinium throughout the world, all on a single plant.[5]

Vaccinium reticulatum is a rhizomatous, evergreen shrub, characterized by stiffly erect aerial shoots, often pubescent throughout.[1] Leaves ovate at 1-3 cm long and wide and typically exhibit pubescent and/or serrate margins, but not always. Berries (9-14 mm in diameter) range in color from bright red, yellow, orange, purple or blue,[5] while flower color ranges from red, yellow, yellow with red stripes, greenish yellow and varying in shape from urceolate to cylindrical. Flowers are typically 8-12 mm long. There is much variation in these characters, but they are not ubiquitous: specific morphotypes characterized by leaf anatomy are said to be restricted to specific islands,[1] but this distribution has not yet been formally delimited.

Vaccinium reticulatum differs from Vaccinium dentatum and Vaccinium calycinum in several ways.

In general, all vegetative and reproductive anatomy tends to be smaller and more compact than the other two species. Foliage tends to be chartaceous (papery) in Vaccinium reticulatum, while is coriaceous (leathery) in Vaccinium dentatum and Vaccinium calycinum.[1]

Vaccinium reticulatum thriving on lava flow

Vaccinium reticulatum is much less common in diverse plant communities, and is often described as an early successional plant,[9] thriving primarily on exposed sites: lava flows, ash dunes, cinder beds, which may be a reflection of its morphological differences. Its range is more commonly alpine, with specimens found at 3,700m. Vaccinium reticulatum is primarily found on Maui, Hawaii, less on the older islands of Kauai, Oahu and Molokai, as compared to the other two species found more commonly across all of these islands.[1] In Vaccinium reticulatum, transition from juvenile to mature foliage is much more gradual than the other two species. Flowering occurs 5 years after germination (a much longer time period than the other two species) and occurs throughout the year but primarily twice per year.[5]

Physically, the primary character of distinguishability of this species, denoted in Vander Kloet’s keys, is stout pedicels: .5-1.5cm long. All other characters described in this section vary too much to be treated as strictly distinguishing characters, yet are often treated as such in a collective manner for identification purposes. Vaccinium reticulatum is very morphologically diverse, and has been suggested as a “hybrid swarm of dubious parentage",[10] and while hybrids have been described as separate species, the current consensus seems to agree that Vaccinium reticulatum is a single entity.[1]

Vaccinium dentatum is typically found decumbent to sprawling, 0.3 to 3 m tall, mostly on terrestrial edges and open areas: bogs, swamps, or windy exposed ridges. Vaccinium dentatum tends to occur at lower elevations than Vaccinium reticulatum: 700 - 1,200m and with a wider range across all main Hawaiian islands. Leaf anatomy is more or less uniquely elliptic (4-9 cm long by 1-3 cm wide), with serrate margins and usually glabrous. Flower variation is less than that in V. reticulatum: carolla red or pink with greenish lobes, 9-12 mm long. Berry variation is also more consistent in this species: usually bright red, 8-10mm in diameter. Flowering and fruiting occur throughout the year.[1] Vaccinium dentatum requires 2-3 years after germination to bloom.[5]

The distinguishing character denoted in Vander Kloet’s keys is again pedicel length: 1-3cm long.[5] Vaccinium dentatum can generally be identified by its characteristic red berries and typical leaf anatomy, as well as its habitat, but because these same morphologies and behaviors can be found in Vaccinium reticulatum, care must be taken in distinguishing between the species, hence the emphasis of the pedicel length character.

Vaccninium calycinum is a stiffly erect deciduous shrub, 1-5 m tall. Its elevational and geographical range mirrors that of Vaccinium dentatum: 500-1,800m, on all main islands, though it is not well known whether these taxa occur together. Leaves are more like Vaccinium dentatum than Vaccinium reticulatum: ovate, glabrous, with serrate margins, but largest out of the three: 5-8cm long by 2-4cm wide.[1] Corolla color varies from solid green, yellowish green to reddish green, at 9-12mm long, while berries are always bright red and 9-15 mm in diameter. Flowering and fruiting can occur year round, but more abundantly in the summer months.

The defining characteristic unique to Vaccinium calycinum is perhaps its deciduousness, but the degree of this character is relatively weak: plants are found without leaves for 1-3 weeks from October to February.[1] Vaccinium calycinum can bloom 9 months after germination, the fastest maturity rate out of the three species.

As in Vaccinium dentatum, some morphological characters that define Vaccinium calycinum (red berries, serrate leaf margins), can also be found on variations of Vaccinium reticulatum, so care must be taken in distinguishing between these species. The designated distinguishing character is again the calyx, which in Vaccinium calycinum is foliaceous and overlapping in bud and 2–3 mm wide at base, longer than the tube at antithesis.[1]

Vibrant foliage of Hawaiian Vaccinium, pigments vary widely throughout the group