Health in Eswatini

The global shift towards more non-communicable diseases does not spare Eswatini. However, scanty research is on mental illness in the country, increasing levels of poverty, sexual violence, HIV/AIDS, alcohol and cannabis abuse[14] are highly associated with mental health issues. Lack of policy, poor facilities, and limited personnel[15] all contribute to poor awareness and is a concern that shall soon explode as a crisis in the population and burden of disease in the country.

Eswatini does not have an expansive mental health infrastructure. Most healthcare is centralized in cities where only approximately 20% of the population lives. Though recently there may have been additions, in 2011 there was one psychiatrist in National Psychiatric Referral Hospital and in the country.[16] Impractical as it may, they attended inpatients, prisoners, children, and outpatients.[17]

Given Eswatini's overall health situation, many health-oriented non-governmental organizations, university programs, and other organizations work in the country on research and service projects related to health, mental health remain on the periphery. Despite all these negatives, there is but one organization working on awareness and promotion of mental health in the country.[18]

Demand versus funding in Eswatini Health[19][20]

Eswatini has made significant strides in fighting HIV/AIDS. From being highest in prevalence and incidence in late 2000s, it has shifted to be a model for HIV control in the world. Urgency, programmatic shifts and international aid make the frontline in the combat against the epidemic. The first case of HIV in Eswatini was reported in 1986, approximately 26 years after the first known case in the world. Fast forward about two decades later, it was reported the biggest killer; at 64% of all deaths in the country. In 2003, the Eswatini government (then Swaziland) declared HIV/AIDS a national crisis, with 38.8% of tested pregnant women infected with HIV (see AIDS in Africa). Prime Minister Themba Dlamini declared a humanitarian crisis due to the combined effect of drought, land degradation, increased poverty, and HIV/AIDS. NERCHA[21] was formed in 2003 to coordinate action against the disease. HIV care guidelines were published in 2010, revised in 2015 and most recently in 2018 to improve models of care, and fit emerging developments in the fight against HIV/AIDS. A 2016 SHIMS 2[22] found a significant decrease in prevalence of HIV compared to 2012 in SHIMS 1.[23] Eswatini scores lowest incidence and related deaths today in the region.[24] Universal ART coverage and extensive outreach targeted at hard to reach populations for HTC are responsible for the country’s success towards the 90/90/90 2020 UNAIDS goal of ending HIV.

Public expenditure for HIV/AIDS was 4% of the GDP of the country, whereas private expenditure was 2.3%.[25] Infant mortality was 57.19 per 1,000 in 2014,[26] 47% of all deaths under 5 were caused by HIV/AIDS.[27]

There were 16 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s.[25]

In September 2018 as the government had not paid suppliers the health service ran out of food and medicine. Swazipharm could not buy drugs. in May 2017 US$18 million was said to be owed to drug companies. There were only 12 working public ambulances in the country in June 2018.[28]

Hospitals

There were in 2019 135 medical facilities in Eswanti, including four hospitals run by the Ministry of Health and two hospitals run by NGO missions. The other medical facilities are clinics and health centers.[29]

Medical facilities in Eswanti

Name	Location	Type facility	Ref
Mbabane Government Hospital	Hhohho Region	Referral Hospital	[29]
Pigg's Peak Government Hospital	Hhohho Region	Regional Hospital	[29]
Good Shepherd Hospital	Lubombo Region	Mission Hospital	[29]
Mankayane Hospital	Manzini Region	Regional Hospital	[29]
Raleigh Fitkin Memorial (RFM) Hospital	Manzini Region	Mission Hospital	[29]
Hlatikhulu Hospital	Shiselweni Region	Regional Hospital	[29]