Henry Raikes

Henry Raikes was born on 24 September 1782 at 12 New Broad Street, London.[2] [3][4] His father, Thomas, was a wealthy merchant, and his mother, Charlotte, was the granddaughter of the 7^th Earl of Winchilsea. [5][3]

Thomas Raikes had become wealthy through his own ability and enterprise. He was born in Gloucester, where his father, Robert Raikes, had founded the Gloucester Journal. After their father’s death, Thomas and his brother, William, moved to London and established a merchant business that became immensely successful. In 1776, Thomas was elected a director of the Bank of England, a position he held until 1810.[6] [7]He also served on the committee of several charities, including the Society for Sunday Schools.[8]

In 1774, Thomas married Charlotte Finch, the illegitimate daughter of an aristocrat called Henry Finch.[9] [10] Charlotte’s portrait by George Romney depicts her sitting at a keyboard in a sumptuous white dress, looking elegant and graceful.[11]

Thomas and Charlotte had five daughters and four sons. Georgiana married Lord William Fitzroy, and Harriet married Stratford Canning. Thomas (junior) joined the family business; Richard became a banker;[12] and George became a director of the East India Company.[13] Henry was the only son to reject a career in banking and commerce.

As he was their second son, his parents may have steered him towards the Church from a young age. When he was a boy, they sent him to the hamlet of Neasden to be educated by his uncle, Richard Raikes. [3][14]This uncle was a priest who had been a fellow at St John’s College, Cambridge before he suffered a breakdown. [15] Although married, he had no children of his own.[16] Racked by almost constant pain, he may have sometimes contemplated suicide as he subscribed to a book on the subject in 1790. [17][18] Sadly, he treated his nephew with the utmost severity. [3] Whether this was driven by a tortured psyche or twisted religious ideas about the depravity of human nature is impossible to say.

When Raikes was ten or eleven, he went to Eton School. There, he excelled in classics and became a close friend of John Bird Sumner, the future Archbishop of Canterbury.[14]

On 18 May 1800, Raikes entered St John’s College, Cambridge, where he cultivated valuable friendships but failed to apply himself wholeheartedly to his studies. While he loved the classics, he was less interested in mathematics.[3] In January 1804, the university awarded him a second-class degree.[19] In 1805, he won the Members’ Prize for a classical essay.[20]

In 1805, he embarked on a journey to Greece, choosing his route to suit the wartime conditions. After crossing the sea to Prussia, he travelled through Austria, Hungary, and Italy. From Venice, he sailed to Greece, where he met Lord Aberdeen, whom he had known at Cambridge. Together, they explored ancient sites and visited Albania. In 1806, Raikes returned home to London via Gibraltar and Lisbon.[3]

After his return from Greece, Raikes lived with his parents in their house at Upper Grosvenor Street, Mayfair. [21]He indulged in the pleasures of London society and mixed with some eminent people.[3] In a letter of 1808, he refers to dining with “the Princess again” and “basking in the sunshine of royalty, as Moses says.”[21]

On 20 September 1807, he took Holy Orders, being ordained a deacon at Norwich.[22] The following year, he wrote to Philip Gell of Hopton Hall, Wirksworth, Derbyshire, to ask about buying a living, but nothing came of it. [21]On 18 December 1808, the Bishop of Winchester ordained him as a priest and licensed him to the curacy of Betchworth, a parish near Dorking.[3]

On 16 March 1809, Raikes married Augusta Whittington at St George's, Hanover Square, Westminster. [23] [24]She was the daughter of Jacob John Whittington of Theberton Hall, Suffolk, a wealthy country squire.[3] [25]

Jacob’s circumstances were unusual in that he had inherited his wealth from an aunt and uncle, who had died childless. Without this windfall, his means would have been modest. Some of this inheritance was legally suspect, which led to a court battle that lasted more than twenty years. In 1800, Jacob lost the case, which then released funds to found Downing College, Cambridge.[25]

Raikes and Augusta may have met through her brother, George Downing Whittington, who was probably friends with Raikes at Eton and Cambridge. A young man of remarkable promise, Whittington died of dysentery in his lodgings at Cambridge on 24 July 1807.[25] [26]

Although Raikes loved Augusta, he disapproved of her parents. In 1805 or 1806, they had arranged a legal separation, under which Jacob settled £16,000 on his wife and six children. The probable cause of their parting was his infidelity some years earlier, which resulted in the birth of a son. Raikes protected himself from disgrace by having nothing to do with his parents-in-law. In her will, his mother-in-law expressed her deep regret that she never knew her grandchildren.[25]

Raikes’s father gave the newly married couple a marriage settlement comprising £4,000 and two farms. He had earlier given his son a promissory note for £10,000.[27] With this wealth, Raikes could have bought a living, instead of which he accepted a series of curacies:

1808-c. 1810 Betchworth, Surrey;[3]

1810-1813 Shillingstone, Dorset;[3]

1814-1822 Burnham, Buckinghamshire.[3]

These positions involved onerous duties for low pay. For example, at Burnham, Raikes received a stipend of £100, surplice fees, and accommodation.[28]

Raikes’s married life was happy. His two oldest sons were born at Shillingstone; a third son and two daughters were born at Burnham. This tranquillity ended in the autumn of 1820 when his infant daughter and his wife both died. His old friend, John Sumner, offered consolation by quoting Jesus’s words: “What I do thou knowest not now, but though shalt know hereafter.”[3]

In 1822, Raikes inherited great wealth from his parents. When his father died in 1813, he left an estate valued at about £150,000, most of which he gave to his widow for his lifetime.[29] When she died in March 1822, the capital became available to divide among the surviving six children. As Raikes received a legacy of £7,000 and a share of the residue, he probably inherited more than £20,000. In 1824, he inherited more property when his uncle and former tutor, Richard Raikes, left him all his freehold and leasehold lands and buildings.

After leaving Burnham, Raikes lived with his brother, Thomas, at Sudbrook Park, Petersham, Surrey. Then, in 1824, he bought Aldwick Pavilion, a mansion on the Sussex coast. The house came with five acres of land, outbuildings, pleasure grounds, a kitchen garden, and a lawn that sloped to the sea. [30]When first advertised for sale in 1819, the owner set the price at £7,000.[31]

While at Aldwick, Raikes studied his books and schooled his four children.[3] His sister, Charlotte, helped him with their care, remaining his companion until her death on 5 July 1854. In 1828, he took his family on holiday to Switzerland and the River Rhine.[3]

In the summer of 1827, he preached a series of sermons about the attributes of God at the nearby proprietary chapel of St John’s, Bognor.[32]

In 1828, Raikes’s friend, John Bird Sumner, was appointed Bishop of Chester. In September 1829, Sumner appointed Raikes as his Examining Chaplain.

In November 1830, Raikes was appointed Chancellor of Chester Cathedral.

Raikes may have moved to Chester to help his three sons, particularly his eldest son, Henry, who, in May 1829, entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

Although Raikes had no legal training, his new role suited his abilities. He had a good memory, an aptitude for hard work, and an excellent knowledge of human affairs.[3]

Raikes lived at Dee Side House, where, in June 1841, he employed nine servants.

He was active in restoring and preserving the cathedral and many churches. He was a scholar of antiquities and local history. He also served as president of the Chester Architectural, Archaeological, and Historic Society, founded in 1849.

In August 1844, Raikes became an honorary canon of Chester Cathedral.

After his death, his executors sold his theological library at a sale in London.[33]

Raikes’s eldest son described his father’s religious views as “Ultra-Protestant.” He said his father believed in the doctrine of predestination as expressed in Article 17 of the 39 Articles, although he seldom referred to it in his sermons.[3]

• Archives of Vicar Henry Raikes, Chancellor of the diocese of Chester: correspondence (180 items).
  • Repository: Manchester University, John Rylands Library Record Reference : Eng Ms 1121. Other reference see HMC Papers of British Churchmen 1780-1940, 1987.
• Diary of a tour of Greece in the years 1805 & 1806.
  • Repository: Liverpool University: Special Collections and Archives. Other reference see Accessions to repositories 1963.
• Letters to William Ewart Gladstone and others, 1807-1854.
  • Repository: British Library, Manuscript Collections. Other reference see Index of MSS, VIII, 1985.

• G. C. Boase, ‘Raikes, Henry (1782–1854)’, rev. Simon Harrison, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
• Henry Raikes's obituary in the Gentleman's Magazine