Kenaf

Kenaf [etymology: Persian],[2] Hibiscus cannabinus, is a plant in the family Malvaceae also called Deccan hemp and Java jute. Hibiscus cannabinus is in the genus Hibiscus and is native to Africa, though its exact origin is unknown.[1] The name also applies to the fibre obtained from this plant. Kenaf is one of the allied fibres of jute and shows similar characteristics.

Kenaf
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Hibiscus
Species:
H. cannabinus
Binomial name
Hibiscus cannabinus
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Abelmoschus congener (Schumach. & Thonn.) Walp.
    • Abelmoschus verrucosus (Guill. & Perr.) Walp.
    • Furcaria cannabina Ulbr.
    • Furcaria cavanillesii Kostel.
    • Hibiscus asper Hook.f.
    • Hibiscus cannabinus var. chevalieri Hochr.
    • Hibiscus cannabinus var. punctatus (A.Rich.) Hochr.
    • Hibiscus cannabinus var. simplex A.Howard & G.Howard
    • Hibiscus cannabinus var. tripartitus (Forssk.) Chiov.
    • Hibiscus cannabinus var. viridis A.Howard & G.Howard
    • Hibiscus congener Schumach. & Thonn.
    • Hibiscus cordofanus Turcz.
    • Hibiscus henriquesii Pires de Lima
    • Hibiscus malangensis Baker f.
    • Hibiscus obtusatus Schumach.
    • Hibiscus sabdariffa subsp. cannabinus (L.) Panigrahi & Murti
    • Hibiscus tripartitus Forssk.
    • Hibiscus vanderystii De Wild.
    • Hibiscus verrucosus Guill. & Perr.
    • Hibiscus verrucosus var. punctatus A.Rich.
    • Hibiscus vitifolius Mill.
    • Hibiscus wightianus Wall.
    • Ketmia glandulosa Moench

Common names
  • Europe:
    • English: Deccan hemp, Java jute, wild stockrose[1]
    • French: chanvre de Bombay, chanvre du Deccan, chanvre de Guinée, chanvre de Gambo, chanvre de roselle, jute de Java, jute de Siam, kénaf, ketmie à feuilles de chanvre (Belgium), roselle
    • German: Ambari, Dekkanhanf, Gambohanf, Hanfeibisch, Javajute, Kenaf, Rosellahanf, Roselle, Siamjute
    • Portuguese: cânhamo rosella, juta-de-java, juta-do-sião, quenafe
    • Spanish: cáñamo de la India, cáñamo de gambo, cáñamo Rosella, pavona encendida, yute de Java, yute de Siam
  • Americas:
    • Brazilian Portuguese: papoula-de-são-francisco, cânhamo-brasileiro, quenafe
  • Africa:
  • Asia
    • Himachal (Pangolu): sunn
    • Lao: ປໍແກ້ວ [pɔː kɛ̂ːw]
    • India (Manipur): Shougri
    • India (Bihari): Kudrum
    • India (Bengal): mesta
    • India (Kannada): Pundi Palle
    • India (Marathi): Ambaadi [4]
    • India (Tamil): pulicha keerai (புளிச்சைக் கீரை) Palungu (பலுஂகு)
    • India (Telugu): Gongura, Taag-Ambadi,[5] Puntikura
    • Iran (Persian): Kanaf کنف
    • Taiwan: ambari
    • China: Hóng Má (红麻; red hemp); officially changed from Yáng Má (洋麻; foreign hemp) during the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976.

Other names include Bimli, Ambary, Ambari Hemp, and Bimlipatum Jute.

According to Miyake and Suzuta (1937), there are more than 129 names for kenaf worldwide.

Characteristics
Dried kenaf stems

It is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant (rarely a short-lived perennial) growing to 1.5–3.5 m tall with a woody base. The stems are 1–2 cm diameter, often but not always branched. The leaves are 10–15 cm long and variable in shape; leaves near the base of the stems are deeply lobed (3 to 7 lobes) and leaves near the top of the stem are shallowly lobed or unlobed lanceolate. The flowers are 8–15 cm in diameter. The flower base color can be white, yellow, or purple, and the white and yellow flowers are dark purple in the center. The fruit is a capsule 2 cm in diameter and contains several seeds.

Fibre
Kenaf long fiber from the bast

The fibres in kenaf are found in the bast (bark) and core (wood). The bast constitutes 40% of the plant. "Crude fibre" separated from the bast is multi-cellular, consisting of several individual cells stuck together.[6] The individual fibre cells are about 2–6 mm long and slender. The cell wall is thick (6.3 µm). Kenaf fibre from bast could be gained as long as 2 meters and it becomes more widespread in polymer composite and concrete industry.[7] The kenaf fiber needs to be treated properly to remove the lignin. The tensile strength of the kenaf fiber is about 800 MPa, which makes it suitable natural fiber in engineering applications.[8] The core is about 60% of the plant and has fibre cells that are thick (≈38 µm) but short (0.5 mm) and thin-walled (3 µm).[9] Paper pulp can be produced using the whole stem, and therefore contains both bast and core fibres. The pulp quality is similar to that of hardwood.

Kenaf plant
Potted kenaf plants

Uses
Harvesting kenaf

Kenaf is cultivated for its fibre in India, Bangladesh, United States of America, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Africa, Viet Nam, Thailand, parts of Africa, and to a small extent in southeast Europe. The stems produce two types of fibre: a coarser fibre in the outer layer (bast fibre), and a finer fibre in the core. The bast fibres are used to make ropes. Kenaf matures in 100 to 200 days. First grown in Egypt over 3000 years ago, the leaves of the kenaf plant were a component of both human and animal diets, while the bast fibre was used for bags, cordage, and the sails for Egyptian boats. This crop was not introduced into southern Europe until the early 1900s. Today, while the principal farming areas are China and India, Kenaf is also grown in countries including the US, Mexico, and Senegal.

The main uses of kenaf fibre have been rope, twine, coarse cloth (similar to that made from jute), and paper. In California, Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi, 3,200 acres (13 km2) of kenaf were grown in 1992, most of which was used for animal bedding and feed.

Uses of kenaf fibre include engineered wood; insulation; clothing-grade cloth; soil-less potting mixes; animal bedding; packing material; and material that absorbs oil and liquids. It is also useful as cut bast fibre for blending with resins in the making of plastic composites, as a drilling fluid loss-preventive for oil drilling muds, and for a seeded hydromulch for erosion control. Kenaf can be made into various types of environmental mats, such as seeded grass mats for instant lawns and moldable mats for manufactured parts and containers. Panasonic has set up a plant in Malaysia to manufacture kenaf fibre boards and export them to Japan.

Additionally, as part of an overall effort to make vehicles more sustainable, Ford and BMW are making the material for the automobile bodies in part from kenaf. The first implementation of kenaf within a Ford vehicle was in the 2013 Ford Escape.[10] The BMW i3 uses kenaf in the black surrounds.[11]

The use of kenaf is anticipated to offset 300,000 pounds of oil-based resin per year in North America and should reduce the weight of the door bolsters by 25 percent.

Reported in 2021, Kenaf Ventures, an Israeli company, is developing and producing sustainable raw materials made from the kenaf plant (Hibiscus cannabinus) in an effort to decarbonize the construction sector without reducing product quality.[12]

Kenaf seed oil

Kenaf seeds yield an edible vegetable oil. The kenaf seed oil is also used for cosmetics, industrial lubricants and for biofuel production. Kenaf oil is high in omega polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Kenaf seed oil contains a high percentage of linoleic acid (Omega-6) a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Linoleic acid (C18:2) is the dominant PUFA, followed by oleic acid (C18:1). Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) is present in 2 to 4 percent.

Kenaf seed oil is 20.4% of the total seed weight, similar to that of cotton seed. Kenaf Edible Seed Oil Contains:

Kenaf used for paper.

Kenaf paper

The most common process to make kenaf paper is using soda pulping before processing the obtained pulp in a paper machine.

The use of kenaf in paper production offers various environmental advantages over producing paper from trees. In 1960, the USDA surveyed more than 500 plants and selected kenaf as the most promising source of tree-free newsprint. In 1970, kenaf newsprint produced in the International Paper Company's mill in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, was successfully used by six U.S. newspapers. Printing and writing paper made from the fibrous kenaf plant has been offered in the United States since 1992. Again in 1987, a Canadian mill produced 13 rolls of kenaf newsprint which were used by four U.S. newspapers to print experimental issues. They found that kenaf newsprint[13] made for stronger, brighter and cleaner pages than standard pine paper with less detriment to the environment. Due partly to kenaf fibres being naturally whiter than tree pulp, less bleaching is required to create a brighter sheet of paper. Hydrogen peroxide, an environmentally-safe bleaching agent that does not create dioxin, has been used with much success in the bleaching of kenaf.

Various reports suggest that the energy requirements for producing pulp from kenaf are about 20 percent less than those for wood pulp, mostly due to the lower lignin content of kenaf. Many of the facilities that now process Southern pine for paper use can be converted to accommodate kenaf.

An area of 1-acre (4,000 m2) of kenaf produces 5 to 8 tons of raw plant bast and core fibre in a single growing season. In contrast, 1-acre (4,000 m2) of forest (in the US) produces approximately 1.5 to 3.5 tons of usable fibre per year. It is estimated that growing kenaf on 5,000 acres (20 km2) can produce enough pulp to supply a paper plant having a capacity of 200 tons per day. Over 20 years, 1-acre (4,000 m2) of farmland can produce 10 to 20 times the amount of fiber that 1-acre (4,000 m2) of Southern pine can produce.[14]

As one of the world's important natural fibres, kenaf is covered by the International Year of Natural Fibres 2009. The first novel to be published using 100% kenaf paper was The Land of Debris and the Home of Alfredo by Kenn Amdahl (1997, Clearwater Publishing Company). [15]

David Brower, former Executive Director of the Sierra Club, in chapter 8 of his semi-autobiographical environmental book Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run: A Call to Save the Earth (1995, Harper Collins), titled "Forest Revolution," advocated for kenaf paper use and explained its many advantages over wood pulp. The first edition of the book was printed on kenaf paper.

See also

Notes
  1. "Hibiscus cannabinus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  2. "kenaf." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com Archived 2013-02-10 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Sanogo, Bakary (1989). Le rôle des cultures commerciales dans l'évolution de la société senoufo (Sud du Mali). ISBN 9782905081117. Archived from the original on 2022-10-30. Retrieved 2018-09-29.
  4. www.gardentia.net Archived February 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  5. "www.gardentia.net". Archived from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2015-06-05.
  6. Paridah Md. Tahir; Amel B. Ahmed; Syeed O. A. SaifulAzry; Zakiah Ahmed (2011), "Retting Process Of Some Bast Plant Fibres And Its Effect On Fibre Quality: A Review" (PDF), BioResources, 6 (4): 5260–5281, doi:10.15376/biores.6.4.5260-5281
  7. Baghban, Mohammad Hajmohammadian; Mahjoub, Reza (2020-01-03). "Natural Kenaf Fiber and LC3 Binder for Sustainable Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite: A Review". Applied Sciences. 10 (1): 357. doi:10.3390/app10010357. ISSN 2076-3417.
  8. Mahjoub, Reza; Yatim, Jamaludin Mohamad; Mohd Sam, Abdul Rahman; Hashemi, Sayed Hamid (March 2014). "Tensile properties of kenaf fiber due to various conditions of chemical fiber surface modifications". Construction and Building Materials. 55: 103–113. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.036.
  9. Nanko, Hirko; Button, Allan; Hillman, Dave (2005). The World of Market Pulp. Appleton, WI, USA: WOMP, LLC. p. 258. ISBN 0-615-13013-5.
  10. Archived September 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  11. "BMW's i3: A New Kind of Electric Vehicle". Forbes.
  12. "A botanical cure for construction's heavy carbon emissions". 31 March 2021.
  13. "www.treehugger.com". Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
  14. "usda kenaf uses". Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
  15. "BIO LEVEL". Archived from the original on 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
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