History of Aligarh Muslim University

The failure of the Indian Mutiny of 1857 against company rule in India led to the collapse of the last vestige of the Mughal empire. In the post-mutiny period, the Muslim upper classes and ulema (scholars) in India were increasingly conservative, and suspicious and hostile towards the British government, as well as Western-style education introduced by the British.[1]

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, a who was a scholar and judge, was convinced that adopting Western education and fostering loyalty to the British empire was imperative to improve the situation of the Muslims of India. He started a movement, which would later be termed as the Aligarh movement, to reform Muslim society and remove the antagonism towards Western education and government service. He established a schools at Muradabad and Ghazipur, and in 1863, established scientific society for Muslims at Aligarh. The movement attracted prominent scholars including Jai Kishan Das, Moulvi Samee Ullah Khan, Khwaja Muhammad Yusuf, and Zakaullah Dehlvi.[1]

On 26 December 1870, the "Committee for the Better Diffusion and Advancement of Learning among the Muhammadans of India" was set up, with Sir Syed as its secretary. The members of this committee included several ruling princes, government officials, and wealthy landowners. The committee solicited essays written by Muslims in Urdu to summarize the reasons for the underrepresentation of Muslims among government schools and colleges, decline of the old systems of education, and the lack of modern scientific education among the Muslims.[1]

In 1872, Sir Syed presented a report, known as the Benares Committee Report, which consisted of the findings of the committee. The initial sections outlined the essay competition, and contained discussions by the members of the committee about the points in the essays. In the third part, among other suggestions, it was proposed that a large college, with three departments— the departments of English, Urdu, and Arabic and Persian. This college would function along the lines of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Copies of the report were sent to government officials and other influential persons, and drew praise from the Governor General and the Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western Provinces, both of whom contributed to the college fund. The orthodox Muslims and the ulema remained opposed to the idea, and issued fatwas ruling it unlawful to contribute to the fund.[1]

In a meeting held on 8 November 1872, Aligarh was chosen as the site for the college. The committee identified a plot troops from the old cantonment used to parade, which was long abandoned. In 1874, John Strachey was made governor of the United Provinces. He allotted the plot, on the condition that the college buildings would be taken over by the government in case the college shut down. With the land allotted, Moulvi Samee Ullah Khan made necessary arrangements, and the college was founded in 1875.[1]

Sir Syed was opposed to modern education for Muslim women.[5] After his death, Sheikh Abdullah raised the issue of establishing a girls' school.

In 1898, on the recommendation of Sahibzada Aftab Ahmad Khan, the Sir Syed Memorial Fund was established with the objective of clearing the college's debts and ultimately converting the college into a university.[6]

In 1920, the non-cooperation movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi delivered a speech at the university on 12 October. Subsequently, members of the Khilafat movement including Shaukat Ali, Mohammad Ali Jauhar, and Abul Kalam Azad arrived at the university, and a number of students (estimates ranging from 200 to 700) joined the movement and left Aligarh to enroll themselves at Jamia Milia Islamia. Throughout the 1920s and until the mid-1930s, Indian nationalism remained popular at the university and the student union was largely pro-Congress.[8][9]

In 1937, the All India Muslim Students Federation was established. Support for the Muslim League had grown at the university. Teachers with "socialistic" and "atheistic" ideas were dismissed, purdah was reintroduced at campus, and "dangerous" books on rationalism and religion were removed from the Lytton Library. By the 1940s, with the passing of the Lahore resolution and several speeches given by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan at the campus, the student body became overwhelmingly sympathetic to the Pakistan movement. The student magazine regularly carried articles in favor of Jinnah and Pakistan.[8] In 1941, Ziauddin Ahmad, who had joined the Muslim League, was elected vice-chancellor.[9]

Zakir Husain was the vice-chancellor between 1948 and 1956

By 1947, the university had come to primarily depend on students' fees for funding, with some additional funding coming from the British government and Muslim princely states such as Hyderabad. With Indian independence and partition in 1947, a large number of students and staff, including vice-chancellor Zahid Husain migrated to Pakistan. The number of students, which had been in excess of 5000 in 1946–7, had fallen to 1000 in 1949. The princely states were also integrated into India and Pakistan, with their rulers losing power. As such, the university fell into considerable financial crisis.[10]

The university's image was tainted by the association with the Pakistan movement.[11] Rumors were circulated of Pakistani officials recruiting students at Aligarh, and of arms and ammunition stored on the campus. Demands were also made in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly and in parliament to shut down the university.[8] On campus, discipline suffered and hooliganism became rife, and the university administration, in an effort to display loyalty to the government, suppressed political dissent. Communist students and faculty members, including notable professors Zahida Zaidi and Iqtidar Alam Khan, were arrested.[12]

In 1948, Zakir Husain was appointed with vice-chancellor and tasked with modernizing the university by Abul Kalam Azad, the minister of education. Husain, who took regular charge in 1950 following a long absence due to illness, began the process of restoring discipline. The communist students, on their release from prison, were readmitted. He also began filling the vacancies among teaching positions by inviting eminent professors from all over India to join the university. These appointments included the professors Abdul Aleem, Saiyid Nurul Hasan, D. P. Mukerji, and Piara Singh Gill.[12]

The Aligarh University Amendment Act of 1951 was passed.[10] The university was brought under direct control of the central government, and

In 1965, a student riot broke out and vice-chancellor Ali Yavar Jung was injured. On M. C. Chagla's recommendations, an ordinance was passed which suspended the university constitution and reduced the university court to an advisory body.[13][11][14]

In 2020, the university centenary celebrations were held, primarily online due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[15] The Centenary Gate was built to mark the occasion.[16]

AMU Malappuram Centre

In 2014, the death of professor Ramchandra Siras. In 2016, violence broke out between two student groups, resulting in one death. In 2019, during the Citizenship Amendment Act protests, the protests at the university were violently quelled, with about 60 students injured.[17]

In 2008, the university submitted a proposal to set up five centers of the university. The government sanctioned funds to set up the centers at Malappuram and Murshidabad, which were set up in 2010.[18][19] In 2013, the center at Kishanganj was established.