Holtzman inkblot technique
The Holtzman inkblot technique (HIT), also known as the Holtzman inkblot test, is an ink blot test aimed at detecting personality and was conceived by Wayne H. Holtzman and colleagues. It was first introduced in 1961 as a projective personality test similar to the Rorschach. The HIT is a standardized measurement. The Holtzman Inkblot Test was developed as an attempt to address some controversial issues surrounding the Rorschach Inkblot Test.[1]
| Holtzman inkblot technique | |
|---|---|
 From Holtzman's original 1961 "Inkblot Perception and Personality" book showing an inkblot and pointing out different areas. The text provides some example interpretations and how these are scored. | |
| MeSH | D006698 |
Purpose
The Holtzman inkblot test (HIT) was invented as an attempt to address some issues surrounding the Rorschach Inkblot Test. The HIT was used to assess the personal structure of the subject.[2]
Scoring
The scoring includes 22 variables covering the aspects of the patient's response to the inkblot. Many different variables apply when scoring.[3]
22 variables and abbreviations applied[4]
| No. | Variable | Abbrev. | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Reaction Time | (RT) | the time in seconds from the presentation of the inkblot to the beginning of the first response |
| 2 | Rejection | (R) | score 1 when subject returns inkblot to examiner without giving a scorable response; otherwise score 0 |
| 3 | Location | (L) | tendency to break down blot into smaller fragments. score 0=use of whole blot, 1=large area, 2=smaller area |
| 4 | Space | (S) | score 1=true figure-ground reversals; score 0 otherwise |
| 5 | Form Definiteness | (FD) | the definiteness of the form of the concept reported, regardless of the goodness of fit to the inkblot. a 5-point scale with 0=very vague and 4=very specific |
| 6 | Form Appropriateness | (FA) | the goodness of fit of the form of the precept to the form of the inkblot. Score 0=poor 1=fair, 2=good |
| 7 | Color | (C) | the apparent primacy of color, including black, gray and white, as a response-determinate. score 0=no use of color, 1=secondary to form, 2=primary determinant with some form present, 3=primary determinant |
| 8 | Shading | (Sh) | the apparent primacy of shading as response determinant. 0=no use of shading, 1=secondary to form, 2=used as primary determinant but some form is present, 3= primary determinant |
| 9 | Movement | (M) | the energy level of movement or potential movement ascribed to the percept, regardless of content.0=none, 1=static potential, 2=casual, 3=dynamic, 4=violent movement |
| 10 | Pathognomic Verbalization | (V) | degree of autistic, bizarre thinking evident in the response as rated on a five scale. |
| 11 | Integration | (I) | score 1=organization of 2 or more adequately perceived blot elements into a larger whole |
| 12 | Human | (H) | degree of human quality in the content of response |
| 13 | Animal | (A) | degree of animal quality in the content |
| 14 | Anatomy | (At) | degree of "gut-like" quality in the content |
| 15 | Sex | (Sx) | degree of sexual quality in the content |
| 16 | Abstract | (Ab) | degree of abstract quality in the content |
| 17 | Anxiety | (Ax) | degree of anxiety or fantasy content as indicated by emotions and attitudes, expressive behavior, symbolism, or cultural stereotypes of fear. |
| 18 | Hostility | (Hs) | signs of hostility or fantasy content |
| 19 | Barrier | (Br) | reference to any protective covering, shell, membrane or skin that may be symbolically related to the perception of body image boundaries. |
| 20 | Penetration | (Pn) | concept that may be symbolic of an individual's feeling that his body exterior is of little protective value and can be easily penetrated |
| 21 | Balance | (B) | overt concern for the symmetry-asymmetry feature of the inkblot. |
| 22 | Popular | (P) | percept occurred at least 14% of the time among normal subjects |
Test standardization
Holtzman and Swartz (1983), reviewing 25 years of research, reported that, in the standardization of the HIT, 22 quantitative variables had been developed, covering most of the scoring categories and dimensions used with the Rorschach Test. High reliability coefficients had been reported in a large number of investigations. Norms for several important clinical reference groups had been established (for example schizophrenics, depressives, delinquents, neurotics, and alcoholics). The six factors, representing the most important variables, had proven useful in clinical applications of the HIT. A large number of studies had confirmed the technique's differential validity, supported by findings from longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cross-cultural investigations. Several hundred studies had been published on the relationships between HIT variables and other measures of personality. Still other investigations of external validity had been conducted using physiological and behavioral measures, as well as personality questionnaires. The authors also summarized the results from studies using the German version of the HIT and discussed recent advances with the test.[5]
U.S. and Mexico
The test correlation between U.S. and Mexican populations has been estimated to range from .36 for Popular to .81 for normal adults. The most stable of the inkblot scores was location in the United States and Mexico. Reaction, Time, Form Definiteness, Movement, and Human also scored relatively high in both cultures. However, these aspects test more of the cognitive-perceptual aspects rather than personality characteristics. Rejection, Form Appropriateness, Shading, Pathognomic Verbalization, Barrier, and Penetration had lower stability coefficients while Space, Sex, Abstract and Balance proved to be extremely infrequent in the children's samples. Test results generally became more stable with age. The children showed a much weaker stability of data than that of older patients and adults possessed the greatest stability of information.[6]
See also
References
- Holtzman Ink Blot Test, The Free Dictionary.
- Holtzman, Wayne H. "Children's IQ Test: Holtzman Inkblot Test". The Psychological Corporation. Archived from the original on 2012-01-08. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
- McRenolds, Paul (1975). Advances in Psychological Assessment. San Francisco, California: Jossey-bass Inc. pp. 245. ISBN 0-87589-242-6.
- McRenolds, Paul (1975). Advances in Psychological Assessment. San Francisco, California: Jossey-bass Inc. pp. 246–247. ISBN 0-87589-242-6.
- Holtzman, W. H., & Swartz, J. D. (1983). The Holtzman Inkblot Technique: A review of 25 years of research. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 4(3), 241–259.
- McRenolds, Paul (1975). Advances in Psychological Assessment. San Francisco, California: Jossey-bass Inc. pp. 256–258. ISBN 0-87589-242-6.