Hosea 12
Hosea 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Book of Hosea in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] This chapter contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Hosea son of Beeri, and was delivered about the time of Israel's seeking the aid of the Egyptian king So, in violation of their covenant with Assyria (Hosea 12:1). He exhorts them to follow their father Jacob's persevering prayerfulness, which brought God's favor upon him. As God is unchangeable, He will show the same favor to Jacob's posterity as He did to Jacob, if, like him, they seek God.[3] It is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.[4][5]
| Hosea 12 | |
|---|---|
 4Q166 "The Hosea Commentary Scroll", late first century B.C. | |
| Book | Book of Hosea |
| Category | Nevi'im |
| Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 28 |
Text
The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 14 verses in Christian Bibles, but 15 verses in the Hebrew Bible with the following verse numbering comparison:[6][7]
| English | Hebrew |
|---|---|
| 11:1-11 | 11:1-11 |
| 11:12 | 12:1 |
| 12:1-14 | 12:2-15 |
This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[8] Fragments cumulatively containing all verses of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 25 BCE) with extant verses 1–14 (verses 1–15 in Masoretic Text).[9][10][11][12]
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[13][lower-alpha 1]
Verse 1
- "Ephraim feeds on the wind,
- And pursues the east wind;
- He daily increases lies and desolation.
- Also they make a covenant with the Assyrians,
- And oil is carried to Egypt.[15]
- Also they make a covenant with the Assyrians,
- "East wind": in Palestine is coming from Arabia and the Far East, over large sandy area, scorching, destructive to vegetation Psalm 48:7, and also having the force of the whirlwind (Job 27:21; cf. Jeremiah 18:17).[16]
- "Oil is carried into Egypt": referring to rich and precious oils to procure friendship, which is forbidden by God (Isaiah 30:2,6; 31:1).[3]
Verse 9
- And I that am the Lord thy God from the land of Egypt
- will yet make thee to dwell in tabernacles,
- as in the days of the solemn feast.[17]
This verse consists of two parts which in the original are coordinated. It is better to translate thus:
- And I am the Lord thy God, from the land of Egypt:
- I will yet make thee to dwell in tabernacles,
- as in the days of the solemn feast.[18]
- "Dwell in tabernacles": Kimchi interprets this as a promise, perhaps with an implied threatening, that even so God is ready to bring Israel forth out of the captivity where they will be, as God brought Israel forth out of the land of Egypt, and made them dwell in tents in the wilderness, God is ready again to bring Israel forth out of the lands of the Gentiles, to cause them to dwell in tents in the wilderness along the way, until they shall return to their land in peace."[18]
- "As in the days of the solemn feast": alluding to the feast of tabernacles, which commemorates the Israelites dwelling in tents in the wilderness (Leviticus 23:42), which may refer to Jesus Christ's incarnation, expressed as 'his tabernacling' among men in human nature (John 1:14; cf. Zechariah 14:16).[19] The materials to make the tabernacles are willows trees of the brook, palm trees, olive trees, and myrtle trees, according to Leviticus 23:40.[19]
Verse 12
- And Jacob fled into the country of Syria,
- and Israel served for a wife,
- and for a wife he kept sheep.[20]
- "Country of Syria": or "field of Syria"[21] (שדה ארם, śə-ḏêh 'ă-rām) the same with "Padan-Aram" ("Padan" means "field" in Arabic and "Aram" is Syria), the place to where Jacob fled from his brother Esau (Genesis 28:1).[19]
- "Israel served for a wife, and for a wife he kept sheep": refers to the period Jacob spent as a shepherd for Laban, his uncle, to marry his two wives, Leah and Rachel, Laban's daughters, each for seven years (Genesis 29:1).[19]
Verse 13
- And by a prophet the Lord brought Israel out of Egypt,
- and by a prophet was he preserved.[22]
- "By a prophet" denotes Moses (Numbers 12:6–8; Deuteronomy 18:15, 18).[3]
- "Preserved": or "kept"; there is an allusion to the same Hebrew word in Hosea 12:12, "kept sheep"; Israel was kept by God as His flock, even as Jacob kept sheep (Psalm 80:1; Isaiah 63:11).[3]
See also
- Related Bible parts: Genesis 25, Genesis 28, Genesis 29, Genesis 32, Genesis 35, Exodus 14, Jeremiah 7, Hosea 6, Hosea 7, Hosea 8, Hosea 9, Hosea 10
Notes
- Book of Hosea is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[14]
References
- Halley, Henry H. Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary. 24th edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1965. p. 356
- Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
- Robert Jamieson, Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible. 1871.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. - Metzger, Bruce M., et al. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
- Keck, Leander E. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume: VII. Nashville: Abingdon.
- Book of Hosea chapter 11 and chapter 12 of The Hebrew Bible in Hebrew and English according to the JPS 1917 Edition
- Note on Hosea 11:12 in NET Bible
- Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
- Ulrich 2010, pp. 596–597.
- Dead sea scrolls - Hosea
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
- 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
- Shepherd, Michael (2018). A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 13. ISBN 978-0825444593.
- Hosea 12:1 NKJV
- Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Old Testament. London, Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Hosea 12:9 KJV
- Joseph S. Exell; Henry Donald Maurice Spence-Jones (Editors). The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- John Gill. John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible. Exposition of the Old and New Testament. Published in 1746-1763. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Hosea 12:12 KJV
- "agrum Aram", Montanus; "in agrum Syriae", Vatablus, Drusius, Rivet, Schmidt.
- Hosea 12:13 KJV
Sources
- Collins, John J. (2014). Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451469233.
- Day, John (2007). "27. Hosea". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 571–578. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419.
- Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300188271.
- Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
- Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
