Humble Administrator's Garden

The Humble Administrator's Garden (Chinese: 拙政园; pinyin: Zhuōzhèng yuán; Suzhou Wu: Wu Chinese pronunciation: [tsoʔ tsen ɦyø]) is a Chinese garden in Suzhou, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most famous of the gardens of Suzhou. The garden is located at 178 Northeast Street (东北街178号), Gusu District. At 78 mu (亩) (5.2 ha; 13 acres), it is the largest garden in Suzhou and is considered by some to be the finest garden in all of southern China.[1]

The Humble Administrator's Garden
UNESCO World Heritage Site
LocationSuzhou, Jiangsu, China
Part ofClassical Gardens of Suzhou
CriteriaCultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(v)
Reference813bis-001
Inscription1997 (21st Session)
Extensions2000
Area5.195 ha (12.84 acres)
Coordinates31°19′36.20″N 120°37′32.30″E
Humble Administrator's Garden is located in Jiangsu
Humble Administrator's Garden
Location of Humble Administrator's Garden in Jiangsu
Humble Administrator's Garden is located in China
Humble Administrator's Garden
Humble Administrator's Garden (China)
Humble Administrator's Garden
"Humble Administrator's Garden" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese
Simplified Chinese拙政园
Traditional Chinese拙政園

History
Sketch of the garden by Wen Zhengming

On the garden's site was first built a garden during the Shaoxing period (1131-1162) of the Southern Song Dynasty. Afterwards it changed ownership, and was destroyed or modified continually.[2] It was the residence and garden of Lu Guimeng, a Tang Dynasty scholar. Later in the Yuan Dynasty it became the Dahong Temple's garden.

In 1513, Wang Xiancheng, an Imperial Envoy and poet of the Ming Dynasty, created a garden on the site of the dilapidated Dahong Temple which had been burnt during the Ming conquest. In 1510, he retired to his native home of Suzhou on the occasion of his father's death. He had experienced a tumultuous official life punctuated by various demotions and promotions, and gave up his last official post as magistrate of Yongjia county in Zhejiang province, and began to work on the garden.[3] This garden, meant to express his fine taste, received close attention from the renowned artist, Suzhou native, and friend, Wen Zhengming. The garden was named (first evidence around 1517[3]) after a verse by the famous scholar official of the Jin Dynasty, Pan Yue, in his prose, An Idle Life, "I enjoy a carefree life by planting trees and building my own house...I irrigate my garden and grow vegetables for me to eat...such a life suits a retired official like me well".[4] This verse symbolized Wang's desire to retire from politics and adopt a hermit's life in the manner of Tao Yuanming. In the Xianju rhyme-prose, he writes 'This is the way of ruling for an unsuccessful politician'.[3] It took 16 years until 1526 to complete. Wen Zhenming wrote an essay Notes of Wang's Humble Administrator's Garden, and painted Landscapes of the Humble Administrator's Garden in 1533 including 31 paintings and poems to commemorate the garden.[4] Wen produced a second album of eight leaves showing sites in the garden in 1551, with different views but the same poems as in 1533.[3]

Eastern Garden (Dwelling Upon Return to the Countryside)

Wang's son lost the garden to pay gambling debts, and it has changed hands many times since. In 1631 the eastern garden was divided from the rest and purchased by Wang Xinyi, Vice Minister of the Justice Board.[4] He added many modifications over the next four years, finishing work in 1635. After completion it was renamed Dwelling Upon Return to the Countryside (歸田園居). The central garden was purchased by Jiang Qi, Governor of Jiangsu in 1738.[4] After extensive renovations he renamed it Garden Rebuilt. In 1860, it became the residence of a Taiping prince, Li Xiucheng, and it was remodelled, and the current aspect of the garden is said to be inherited from this period.[2] Also in 1738 the Western Garden was purchased by Ye Shikuan Chief Histographer, and renamed The Garden of Books. The Garden of Books was purchased by a Suzhou merchant, Zhang Lüqian, in 1877 and renamed The Subsidiary Garden.[4] In 1949 all three parts of the garden were rejoined by the Chinese government and subsequently opened to the public, then restored in 1952. In 1997 the garden was given UNESCO World Heritage status.

Cao Xueqin, author of the Dream of the Red Chamber, is supposed to have lived at the garden during his teenage years – around 1735. Among Chinese scholars, it is believed that much of the garden in his novel Dream of the Red Chamber was inspired by the scenery of the Humble Administrator's Garden.

Design
The Humble Administrator's Garden

The garden contains numerous pavilions and bridges set among a maze of connected pools and islands. It consists of three major parts set about a large lake: the central part (Zhuozheng Yuan), the eastern part (once called Guitianyuanju, Dwelling Upon Return to the Countryside), and a western part (the Supplementary Garden). The house lies in the south of the garden. In total, the garden contains 48 different buildings with 101 tablets, 40 steles, 21 precious old trees, and over 700 Suzhou-style penjing/penzai.[5] According to Lou Qingxi, compared with the layout from the Zhenghe Period in the Ming Dynasty, the garden "now has more buildings and islets", and although lacks a "lofty" feeling, it is "still a masterpiece of meticulous work".[2] Liu Dunzhen judged that the arrangement of rocks and water in the ponds of the central third may have its origins in the early Qing. The western third retains the late nineteenth-century layout, while the eastern third has seen several renovation since.[lower-alpha 1] But Clunas believes that even this is unreasonably optimistic, and he underlines that Liu Dunzhen and others tend to imply that, "despite the vicissitudes of history, there is continuity at the much more important level of essence".[3]

Xue Zhijian, the curator of the garden and of the Suzhou Garden Museum, explained the exquisite design and aesthetic value of the Humble Administrator's Garden, the largest of Suzhou's gardens. "This style of Suzhou old style garden has numerous layers," Xue says. "There are four particular components: the stone, the plant, the architecture and the water." And these are woven together in endless combinations. At one corner in the Humble Administrator's Garden, rocks cutthrough the wall, making viewers feel like they are exploring a mountain, despite the fact that they are in the middle of the city. The plants here represent various seasons, peonies for spring, lotus for summer, osmanthus in the winter time and plum blooms in winter.[7]

Eastern Garden: Composed of a few buildings around a central great lawn and pond combination. The lawn is ringed by a grove of crape myrtle trees in allusion to the Tang Dynasty State Secretariat which was nicknamed the Crape Myrtle Department.

Central Garden: This section is composed of many scenes arranged around the "Surging Wave" Pond. Within the pond three islands recreate the scenery of the fairy islands of the east sea (see Penglai).

Western Garden: This part is only half the size of the central part, and is also mainly dominated by water. The pond runs from north to south, and at the central part rises an islet. Although small, it is planned with meticulous care and precision. The buildings, though numerous, do not clutter; small mountains and ponds do not give a cramped impression.[2]

See also

Notes
  1. (Clunas 1996) cites[6]

References
  1. Forsyth 2010, p. 103.
  2. Qingxi 2011.
  3. Clunas 1996.
  4. Yuan & Gong 1999.
  5. Suzhou China 2009.
  6. Liu 1936 Zhongguo jianzhu chubanshe
  7. "Xinhua Headlines: Suzhou Classical Gardens: Embodiment of harmony between nature and man - Xinhua | English.news.cn". Archived from the original on January 14, 2020.

Sources
  • Clunas, Craig (1996). Fruitful Sites: Garden Culture in Ming Dynasty China (Envisioning Asia). Reaktion. ISBN 978-0948462887.
  • Forsyth, Holly Kerr (2010). Gardens of Eden: Among the World's Most Beautiful Gardens. Melbourne UP. ISBN 978-0522857764.
  • Liu, Dunzhen (1936). Suzhou gu dian yuan lin [Classic Gardens of Suzhou] (in Chinese).
  • Ministry of Culture (2003). "Humble Administrator's Garden". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  • Qingxi, Lou (2011). Chinese gardens. CUP. ISBN 978-0521186612.
  • Suzhou China (2009). "Humble Administrator's Garden". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  • Terebess LLC (24 June 2004). "The Humble Administrator's Garden". Retrieved 20 February 2009.
  • Yuan, Xuehan 袁学汉; Gong, Jianyi 龚建毅 (1999). 苏州古典园林 [The Classical Gardens of Suzhou 2004 isbn = 978-7214037633] (in Chinese). Jiangsu people's. ISBN 978-7214021748.
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