Huntsville, Texas

Huntsville is a city in and the county seat of Walker County, Texas.[5] The population was 45,941 as of the 2020 census.[2] It is the center of the Huntsville micropolitan area. Huntsville is in the East Texas Piney Woods on Interstate 45 and home to Texas State Prison, Sam Houston State University, the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Huntsville State Park, and HEARTS Veterans Museum of Texas.

Huntsville
City
City of Huntsville
Sam Houston statue outside Huntsville
Sam Houston statue outside Huntsville
Motto: 
Home Sweet Huntsville
Location of Huntsville, Texas
Location of Huntsville, Texas
Coordinates: 30°43′20″N 95°33′12″W
CountryUnited States
StateTexas
CountyWalker
Founded1835
Government
 • TypeCouncil-Manager
 • City CouncilMayor Andy Brauninger
Daiquiri Beebe
Russell Humphrey
Blake Irving
Pat Graham
Bert Lyle
Vicki McKenzie
Dee Howard Mullins
Joe Rodriquez
 • City ManagerAron Kulhavy
Area
[1]
 • City43.43 sq mi (112.47 km2)
 • Land42.59 sq mi (110.30 km2)
 • Water0.84 sq mi (2.17 km2)
Elevation
371 ft (113 m)
Population
 (2020)[2]
 • City45,941
 • Estimate 
(2022)[3]
47,351
 • Density991.88/sq mi (382.97/km2)
 • Metro
77,038
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
77320, 77340–77344, 77348–77349
Area code936
FIPS code48-35528
GNIS feature ID1382049[4]
Websitehuntsvilletx.gov

The city served as the residence of Sam Houston, who is recognized in Huntsville by the Sam Houston Memorial Museum and a statue on Interstate 45.

History
Downtown Huntsville in the 1870s.
Downtown Huntsville in the 1870s.

The city had its beginning around 1836, when Pleasant and Ephraim Gray opened a trading post on the site. Ephraim Gray became first postmaster in 1837, naming it after his hometown, Huntsville, Alabama.[6]

Huntsville became the home of Sam Houston, who served as President of the Republic of Texas, Governor of the State of Texas, Governor of Tennessee, U.S. Senator, and Tennessee congressman. Houston led the Texas Army in the Battle of San Jacinto, the decisive victory of the Texas Revolution. He has been noted for his life among the Cherokees of Tennessee, and— near the end of his life — for his opposition to the American Civil War, a very unpopular position in his day. Huntsville has two of Houston's homes, his grave, and the Sam Houston Memorial Museum. Houston's life in Huntsville is also commemorated by his namesake Sam Houston State University, and by a 70 ft (21 m)[7] statue. (The towering statue, "A Tribute to Courage" by artist David Adickes, has been described as the world's largest statue of an American hero,[8] and is easily viewed by travelers on Interstate 45.)

Huntsville was also the home of Samuel Walker Houston (1864–1945),[9] a prominent African-American pioneer in the field of education. He was born into slavery on February 12, 1864 to Joshua Houston, a slave owned by Sam Houston. Samuel W. Houston founded the Galilee Community School in 1907, which later became known as the Houstonian Normal and Industrial Institute, in Walker County, Texas.

In 1995, on the grounds of the old Samuel W. Houston Elementary School, the Huntsville Independent School District, along with the Huntsville Arts Commission[10] and the high school's Ex-Students Association, commissioned the creation of The Dreamers, a monument to underscore the black community's contributions to the growth and development of Huntsville and Walker County.

After a book display at the Huntsville Public Library (HPL) riled up city officials in 2022, the library removed two book displays. Following the removal of the two book displays, the city decided to privatize the library.[11]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1850892—
18609395.3%
18701,60070.4%
18801,322−17.4%
18901,50914.1%
19002,48564.7%
19102,072−16.6%
19204,689126.3%
19305,0287.2%
19405,1081.6%
19509,82092.2%
196011,99922.2%
197017,61046.8%
198023,93635.9%
199027,92516.7%
200035,07825.6%
201038,5489.9%
202045,94119.2%
2022 (est.)47,351[3]3.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[12]
2020 Census[2]

2020 census
Huntsville racial composition as of 2020[13]
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[lower-alpha 1]
Race Number Percentage
White (NH) 21,158 46.05%
Black or African American (NH) 11,420 24.86%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 153 0.33%
Asian (NH) 998 2.17%
Pacific Islander (NH) 34 0.07%
Some Other Race (NH) 223 0.49%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) 1,023 2.23%
Hispanic or Latino 10,932 23.8%
Total 45,941

As of the census of 2020, there were 45,941 people, 13,187 households, and 5,893 families residing in the city.

2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 35,078 people, 10,266 households, and 7,471 families residing in the city. The population density was 1438.3/km sq (10,135.1/mi sq). There were 11,508 housing units at an average density of 1143.8/km sq (1372.4/mi sq). The racial makeup of the city was 65.78% White, 26.14% African American, 0.33% Native American, 1.11% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 4.91% from Race (United States Census) other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.22% of the population.

There were 10,266 households, out of which 25.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.7% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 15.1% under the age of 18, 29.3% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 16.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 152.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 163.8 males. The prison population is included in the city's population, which results in a significantly skewed sex ratio.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,075, and the median income for a family was $40,562. Males had a median income of $27,386 versus $22,908 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,576. About 13.1% of families and 23.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.9% of those under age 18 and 14.7% of those age 65 or over.

Geography

Huntsville is located at 30°42′41″N 95°32′54″W (30.711254, −95.548373).[16]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a land area of 35.86 square miles[17] in 2010.

At the area code level,[18] land area covers 559.661 sq. mi. and water area 7.786 sq. mi.

Huntsville is about 70 miles (110 km) north of Houston.[19] It is part of the Texas Triangle megaregion.[20]

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Huntsville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.[21]

Climate data for Huntsville, 1981–2010 normals,[lower-alpha 2] extremes 1903–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 88
(31)		 94
(34)		 99
(37)		 99
(37)		 98
(37)		 106
(41)		 111
(44)		 107
(42)		 108
(42)		 101
(38)		 92
(33)		 86
(30)		 108
(42)
Average high °F (°C) 59.2
(15.1)		 62.9
(17.2)		 70.3
(21.3)		 77.8
(25.4)		 84.6
(29.2)		 90.3
(32.4)		 93.3
(34.1)		 94.1
(34.5)		 88.4
(31.3)		 79.7
(26.5)		 69.5
(20.8)		 60.6
(15.9)		 77.6
(25.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 49.4
(9.7)		 52.9
(11.6)		 59.9
(15.5)		 67.2
(19.6)		 74.7
(23.7)		 80.6
(27.0)		 83.2
(28.4)		 83.5
(28.6)		 78.0
(25.6)		 69.2
(20.7)		 59.5
(15.3)		 51.0
(10.6)		 67.4
(19.7)
Average low °F (°C) 39.7
(4.3)		 42.9
(6.1)		 49.5
(9.7)		 56.6
(13.7)		 64.7
(18.2)		 70.9
(21.6)		 73.1
(22.8)		 72.9
(22.7)		 67.6
(19.8)		 58.7
(14.8)		 49.6
(9.8)		 41.4
(5.2)		 57.3
(14.1)
Record low °F (°C) 1
(−17)		 7
(−14)		 17
(−8)		 30
(−1)		 40
(4)		 52
(11)		 57
(14)		 57
(14)		 40
(4)		 25
(−4)		 19
(−7)		 2
(−17)		 1
(−17)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.25
(108)		 3.33
(85)		 3.70
(94)		 3.26
(83)		 4.45
(113)		 5.45
(138)		 2.80
(71)		 3.67
(93)		 4.16
(106)		 4.68
(119)		 5.19
(132)		 4.14
(105)		 49.08
(1,247)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 9 8 9 6 8 9 8 7 7 7 8 10 94
Source: NOAA [22][23]
  1. Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[14][15]
  2. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.

Economy
The BOT Complex, the administrative headquarters of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Huntsville's largest employer as of 2005

As of 2022, the largest employer in Huntsville is the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, with 6,744 employees.[24] In 1996 the TDCJ had 5,219 employees in Huntsville. Robert Draper of the Texas Monthly described Huntsville as the "company town" of the TDCJ; he stated that the industry was "recession-proof" and that "It's hard to find a person in Huntsville who doesn't have at least an indirect affiliation with the prison system" since many businesses indirectly rely on its presence.[25] As of 1996 the TDCJ employed over twice the number of people employed by Sam Houston State University, the city's second-largest employer.[25]

As of 2022, Sam Houston State remained the second-largest employer in Huntsville, with 2,417 employees.[24] The university has a strong role in the study of criminology.[25] The third-largest employer is the Huntsville Independent School District, with 980 employees. The fourth-largest employer, Huntsville Memorial Hospital, has 552 employees. 485 employees work for the fifth-largest employer, Walmart.[24]

As of 2020, Huntsville's average income was lower than Texas's average income.[26]

Government and infrastructure

Texas Department of Criminal Justice
The Huntsville Unit, a Texas Department of Criminal Justice-operated prison in Huntsville, the home of the state's execution chamber

Huntsville has the headquarters of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ), the Texas agency that operates state correctional facilities for adults.[27][28] The Texas prison system has been headquartered in Huntsville since Texas's founding as a republic, and the TDCJ is the only major state agency not headquartered in Austin, the state capital.[29]

Several TDCJ prisons for men, including the Byrd Unit,[30] the Goree Unit,[31] the Huntsville Unit (home of the state's execution chamber),[32] and the Wynne Unit, are within Huntsville's city limits.[33] The Holliday Unit, a transfer unit, is also in Huntsville.[34]

The TDCJ Central Region Warehouse and Huntsville Prison Store are in the TDCJ headquarters complex.[35][36] The Food Service Warehouse is behind the Wynne Unit.[37] The TDCJ operates the Huntsville District Parole Office in Huntsville.[38]

As of 1996 the TDCJ director resided in a mansion across the street from the Huntsville Unit.[25]

Other state agencies

The headquarters of the Texas Forensic Science Commission is located at Sam Houston State University.[39]

Transportation

Greyhound Lines operates the Huntsville Station in Huntsville.[40] As of 2001 many former prisoners released from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice system use the station to travel to their final destinations.[27] The station is three blocks uphill from the Huntsville Unit, a point of release for prisoners exiting the TDCJ.[41]

Bruce Brothers Huntsville Regional Airport is located in Huntsville. Renamed from the Huntsville Municipal Airport in 2009, Bruce Brothers Huntsville Regional Airport is a city-owned, public-use airport.[42] As of December 2015, it is still listed as the Huntsville Municipal Airport by the Federal Aviation Administration and the Texas Department of Transportation.[43]

Major highways

Culture
Captain Joe Byrd Cemetery, the Texas Department of Criminal Justice cemetery for deceased prisoners who are not reclaimed by their families

In September 2009, the Huntsville Cultural District was designated by the Texas Commission on the Arts as one of the first seven state cultural districts. Museums, art galleries, artist studios and workshops, historic homes, theaters and theatrical performances are located within the Cultural District in historic Downtown Huntsville. The Cultural District is also home to some of the finest historical architecture in Texas, including murals created by world-renowned artist Richard Haas and unique homes built from recycled materials created by Dan Phillips of Phoenix Commotion complement the historic aspects of the district.[44] You can enjoy self-guided walking and driving tours, art activities, music-theater-dance performances, shopping, antiquing, and unique eateries.[45]

Ruth Massingill and Ardyth Broadrick Sohn, authors of Prison City: Life with the Death Penalty in Huntsville, Texas, said that Huntsville shares several traits with other small towns. For instance many insiders include members of Huntsville's founding families, who still reside in Huntsville. They also said "Disagreement is a well-established Huntsville tradition."[46] The authors say that debate is a significant part of the leadership agenda, and that the residents of Huntsville disagree about capital punishment.[47]

Media

Newspapers

The Huntsville Item is the community's newspaper.

The Houstonian is the SHSU student newspaper.

Radio

KRBE 104.1 FM Houston's #1 Hits

KHMX ("Mix 96.5") 96.5 FM Houston

KHVL 104.9 FM/1490 AM More Music, More Fun

KSAM 101.7 FM Today's Best Country and All Your Favorites

KSHU 90.5 FM The Kat - Huntsville's Choice for Variety

Education

Primary and secondary schools

The majority of the City of Huntsville is served by the Huntsville Independent School District (HISD).[48]

By 2007, a Huntsville community report stated that over 50% of the HISD students are "classified as economically disadvantaged"; this is a higher percentage than the overall state percentage. As of 2007 over 18% of the students do not graduate from high school.[26]

List of Schools (by education level):

Preschool/Pre-K

  • Gibbs Pre-K Center

Elementary

  • Estella Stewart Elementary School
  • Huntsville Elementary School
  • Samuel W. Houston Elementary School
  • Scott E Johnson Elementary School

Intermediate

  • Huntsville Intermediate School

Middle

  • Mance Park Middle School

High

Private

  • Alpha Omega Academy (Pre-K–12)
  • Tomorrow's Promise, The Montessori School of Huntsville (Pre-K–12)
  • Summit Christian Academy (Pre-K–12)

A very small portion of the city of Huntsville is within the New Waverly Independent School District.[48]

Colleges and universities

Sam Houston State University is located in Huntsville. It also served as the first location for Austin College.[49]

Residents of both Huntsville ISD and New Waverly ISD (and therefore the whole city of Huntsville) are served by the Lone Star College System (formerly North Harris-Montgomery Community College).[50]

Public libraries

The 7,000 square feet (650 m2) Huntsville Public Library opened on Sunday September 24, 1967 after the group "Friends for a Huntsville Public Library" had campaigned for the opening of a public library.[51] The Huntsville Public Library provides a relevant print collection as well as offering access to electronic resources, as well as having over forty public access computers for adults, teens, and children. The Texas State library has made available a large array of professional databases, giving the public access to thousands of professional journals, encyclopedias, language programs, educational tutorials, and informational sites. Patrons of the Huntsville Public Library have access to information that was previously only available at university and major public libraries.[52]

In 2022 the library took away a display related to LGBTQ topics.[53] In December of that month the city council voted to have Library Systems & Services, a private company, operate the library.[54]

Adult prisoner education

The Windham School District, which provides educational services to prisoners in the TDCJ, is headquartered in Building B in the Wynne Unit in Huntsville.[55][56]

Tourism

Huntsville has several tourist attractions, including an art tour, a downtown walking tour, a Prison Driving Tour, Sam Houston's grave, the Sam Houston Memorial Museum, the Sam Houston Woodland Home, A Tribute to Courage (a 67 foot tall statue of Sam Houston), The Texas Prison Museum, and a folk and cowboy music festival held every April.[26]

A Tribute to Courage is the world's tallest statue of an American Hero. Standing on a 10-foot granite base, the 67-foot tall statue of Sam Houston is visible from I-45 northbound for 6.5 miles. David Adickes, the creator of Big Sam, transformed 60 tons of concrete and steel into the monument and dedicated the statue to the City of Huntsville on October 22, 1994.[57]

Within the Huntsville Cultural District, the Wynne Home Arts & Visitor Center offers a wide variety of arts and cultural programs tailored to the interests and needs of Huntsville's diverse community.

The Sam Houston National Forest is one of just four National Forests in Texas. The forest contains 163,037 acres between Huntsville, Conroe, Cleveland, and Richards. The forest is home to the 128-mile Lone Star Hiking Trail, a portion of which has gained National Recreation Trail status.

  • United States Post Office
    United States Post Office
  • Town Theater
    Town Theater
  • Downtown Huntsville
    Downtown Huntsville
  • Downtown Huntsville
    Downtown Huntsville

Notable people

See also

Footnotes
  1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  2. "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
  3. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". United States Census Bureau. August 19, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
  4. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  6. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 164.
  7. Huntville Statue & Visitors Center, www.samhoustonstatue.org. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
  8. Huntville Statue & Visitors Center, www.samhoustonstatue.org Archived April 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  9. Handbook of Texas Online accessed April 29, 2007.
  10. Art Tour of Huntsville accessed April 29, 2007. Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  11. Jensen, Kelly (December 21, 2022). "HUNTSVILLE PUBLIC LIBRARY (TX) PRIVATIZED AFTER PRIDE DISPLAY". Book Riot. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  12. "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  13. "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  14. https://www.census.gov/
  15. "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  16. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  17. "Huntsville (city), Texas Quickfacts Archived October 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine"
  18. "Huntsville, TX". zipareacode.net. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  19. "Karla Faye Tucker's last hours?" CNN. February 3, 1998. Retrieved on September 29, 2010.
  20. "Megaregions: Texas Triangle". America 2050. USA: Regional Plan Association. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
  21. "Huntsville, Texas Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  22. "Data Tools: 1981-2010 Normals for Huntsville, Texas". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  23. "NOWData: Monthly Summarized Data for Huntsville, Texas". National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  24. "Major Employers | Huntsville, TX - Official Website". www.huntsvilletx.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  25. "Home".
  26. "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Huntsville city, Texas".
  27. "Huntsville Prison Blues". National Public Radio. September 10, 2001. Retrieved on December 2, 2009.
  28. "LIVINGSTON NAMED EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF STATE'S CRIMINAL JUSTICE AGENCY Archived January 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. July 28, 2005. Retrieved on December 2, 2009.
  29. Ryckman, Lisa Levitt. "Article: A RECORD YEAR FOR EXECUTIONS IN TEXAS HUNTSVILLE RESIDENTS PREFER NOT TO DISCUSS THE DEATHS.(News/National/International)". Rocky Mountain News. August 31, 1997. Retrieved on August 25, 2010.
  30. "Byrd Unit Archived July 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 10, 2010.
  31. "Goree Unit Archived July 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 10, 2010.
  32. "Huntsville Unit Archived March 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 10, 2010.
  33. "Wynne Unit Archived July 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 10, 2010.
  34. "Holliday Unit Archived July 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on July 13, 2010.
  35. "Central Region Warehouse Archived July 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 22, 2010.
  36. "Huntsville Prison Store Archived July 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 22, 2010.
  37. "Food Service Warehouse Archived July 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 22, 2010.
  38. "Parole Division Region I Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.
  39. "Contact Us Archived May 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." Texas Forensic Science Commission. Retrieved on July 23, 2010.
  40. "Huntsville Station Archived November 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine." Greyhound Lines. Retrieved on May 7, 2010.
  41. Nowell, Scott. "Doing Time." Houston Press. September 18, 2003. 1. (Print article version). Retrieved on September 23, 2010.
  42. Ermis, Jay. "City airport named after Bruce brothers". Itemonline.com. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  43. "Transportation Department", Federal Regulatory Directory, 2300 N Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington DC 20037 United States: CQ Press, pp. 704–751, 2012, doi:10.4135/9781452241067.n42, ISBN 9781608717392, retrieved September 16, 2022{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  44. "Huntsville Cultural District | Huntsville, TX - Official Website". www.huntsvilletx.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  45. "Huntsville Tourism and Cultural Services, TX | Official Website". www.huntsvilletexas.com. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  46. Massingill and Sohn 15.
  47. Massingill and Sohn 16.
  48. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Walker County, TX" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  49. "History - Austin College". Archived from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  50. Texas Education Code, Sec. 130.191. LONE STAR COLLEGE SYSTEM DISTRICT SERVICE AREA..
  51. "About the Library Archived June 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." Huntsville Public Library. Retrieved on May 30, 2010.
  52. "History | Huntsville, TX - Official Website". www.huntsvilletx.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  53. Zuvanich, Adam (December 20, 2022). "Huntsville Public Library could be privatized in aftermath of pride display dispute". Houston Public Media. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  54. deGrood, Matt (December 21, 2022). "Huntsville to pay private company to run city library months after removing LGBTQ+ display". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  55. "Contact Information Archived November 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." Windham School District. Retrieved on January 1, 2010.
  56. "Travel Regulations for Employees Archived December 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine" 7.28-4. Windham School District. September 1, 2005. Page 5 of 15. Retrieved on January 1, 2010.
  57. "Sam Houston Statue Visitor Center & Gift Shop | Huntsville Tourism and Cultural Services, TX". www.huntsvilletexas.com. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  58. Freeman, J. H. (September 7, 2016). "BAKER, JAMES ADDISON, SR. [1821-97]". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  59. Kirkland, Kaye Sayan (2012). Captain James A. Baker of Houston, 1857–1941. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 37–41.
  60. Editor, Tom WaddillSports. "Former Huntsville standout Derrick Ross plays for 'that ringgggg' tonight in New Orleans". Itemonline.com. Retrieved December 19, 2021. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  61. "Wrap-ups: Texas start for ousted Thai leader". Houston Chronicle. September 23, 2006. Retrieved June 3, 2015.

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