International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is an international organisation which conducts agricultural research for rural development, headquartered in Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, with several regional centres (Bamako (Mali), Nairobi (Kenya)) and research stations (Niamey (Niger), Kano (Nigeria), Lilongwe (Malawi), Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Bulawayo (Zimbabwe)). It was founded in 1972 by a consortium of organisations convened by the Ford- and the Rockefeller- foundations. Its charter was signed by the FAO and the UNDP.

ICRISAT
Formation1972
TypeIntergovernmental Organization
Location
ServicesResearch and development
Key people
Jacqueline d'Arros Hughes,[1] Prabhu Pingali,[2] Arvind Kumar, Ramadjita Tabo, Sanjay Agarwal[3]
Parent organisation
CGIAR
Websitewww.icrisat.org

Since its inception, host country India has granted a special status to ICRISAT as a UN Organization operating in the Indian territory making it eligible for special immunities and tax privileges.

ICRISAT is managed by a full-time Director General functioning under the overall guidance of an international Governing Board. The current Director General is Jacqueline d'Arros Hughes who took the post in April 2020. The current chairman of the Board is Prabhu Pingali.[4][5]

The semi-arid tropics
Purple-rumped sunbird in the ICRISAT fields

The semi-arid tropics (SAT) region is characterized by highly variable, low-to-medium rainfall and poor soils, further characterized by lack of irrigation. In general, the historical average annual rainfall in the SAT is below 700 millimetres (28 in). In agricultural policy terms, this region is considered to be a less favored area (LFA).[6]

Research strategy

With almost 50 years of experience addressing the agricultural constraints in the drylands of Africa and Asia, ICRISAT has developed key strengths which are focused on delivering impact in the drylands in alignment with its mission and mandate. ICRISAT has a unique role in dryland agriculture research for development, working through diverse partnerships across Asia and Africa. ICRISAT’s unique comparative strength has been to conduct upstream science and to translate upstream science to applied research. This makes a difference in farmers' lives by scaling scientific innovations with due attention to the environment, policy, marketing and socioeconomics. In the complex farming systems of the drylands where ICRISAT mandate crops including grain legumes and dryland cereals are grown, integrated solutions are needed to address the challenges of poverty, climate change, nutrition and sustainability of natural resources. [7]

ICRISAT founded the Smart Food Initiative in 2013 with the Vision to create a world where food is 'Smart' – good for you, the planet and the farmer. A key objective is to diversify staples across Africa and Asia, with the initial focus on millets and sorghum.

Mandate crops
Pearl millet seed production plots at ICRISAT (Patancheru, India), the panicles covered in parchment paper bags to ensure self-pollination in this normally mainly cross-pollinating crop (February 2013)

ICRISAT performs crop improvement research, using conventional as well as methods derived from biotechnology, on the following crops: chickpea,[8] pigeonpea,[9] groundnut,[10] pearl millet,[11] sorghum,[12] finger millet,[13] teff, and small millets.

ICRISAT's scientific information by topic, crop, location and resources is found on Exploreit.[14]

Research themes and genebank

ICRISAT conducts its research under three Global Research Programs (GRPs): Accelerated Crop Improvement, Resilient Farm and Food Systems, Enabling Systems Transformations. These three GRPs are implemented through 18 research clusters.

The ICRISAT genebank serves as a repository for the collection of germplasm of the six mandate crops[15] – sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut; and five small millets – foxtail millet, little millet, kodo millet, proso millet and barnyard millet. The collection has over 128,446 germplasm accessions[16] assembled from 144 countries. Several landraces now conserved in the ICRISAT genebank have disappeared from their natural habitats in Africa and Asia.[17]

Accelerated crop improvement research

Most of ICRISAT’s crop improvement research is directed to deliver climate-resilient improved crop varieties with pest and disease resistance, improved nutritional quality and market preferred traits and improved genetic gains.

Based on an econometric analysis of time-series data for three different types of agricultural areas (irrigated, high-potential rainfed, and low-potential rainfed), non-ICRISAT experts found more favorable marginal returns (measured as Indian rupees of agricultural production per additional hectare planted to modern varieties) for crop improvement research in low-potential rainfed areas than in either high-potential rainfed areas or irrigated areas. Moreover, additional crop research investment in low potential rainfed areas lifts more people out of poverty than in the other two types of areas.[18]

It was ICRISAT-improved chickpea varieties have been widely adopted in a poor tribal area in Gujarat, India, with favorable impacts on yields, unit production costs, and net returns per hectare/per acre. ICRISAT's package of improved groundnut varieties grown in combination with improved agronomy practices has had a positive result in the semi-arid tropical areas of Central India.

Two major science-based breakthroughs attributed to crop improvement research at ICRISAT relate to pearl millet and pigeonpea. A team of researchers at ICRISAT have released the first public sector-bred, marker-assisted bred hybrid pearl millet, HHB 67.[19] This was released in India in 2006. It is assessed to have superior agronomic performance and improved tolerance to terminal drought.[20] The first-ever release of a hybrid pigeonpea by ICRISAT researchers has been reported in 2008.[21]

Information products and services

ICRISAT formally adopted an open-access policy for its research publications in 2009. It is among a small number of agricultural research organisations to do so. As of June 2010, about 3000 publications are available on the organisation's website.

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.

References
  1. "Dr Jacqueline d'Arros Hughes". ICRISAT. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  2. "Prof Prabhu Pingali". ICRISAT. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  3. "Sanjay Agarwal". ICRISAT. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  4. "Prof Prabhu Pingali bestowed honor for his exemplary contributions". ICRISAT. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  5. "Prabhu Pingali's faculty page for the Cornell Dyson". Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management at the SC Johnson College of Business at Cornell University. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  6. "Sci-Tech / Agriculture : ICRISAT, ICAR jointly to fight climate change". The Hindu. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  7. Special Correspondent (7 June 2012). "NATIONAL / KARNATAKA : Government signs MoU with ICRISAT". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  8. Chickpea Crop Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  9. "Pigeonpea Crop". Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  10. "Groundnut/Peanut Crop". Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  11. "Pearlmillet Crop". Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  12. Sorghum Crop Archived 2015-11-25 at the Wayback Machine
  13. "Smallmillet/Finger millet Crop". Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  14. Exploreit Archived 4 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  15. Avadhani, R. (4 October 2015). "ICRISAT introduces finger millet as mandate crop". The Hindu.
  16. "Key performance indicators of CGIAR genebanks, 2012-2019". CGIAR Genebank Platform. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  17. "BGI, ICRISAT join hands on genomics research". The Hindu. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  18. Special Correspondent (10 May 2012). "NATIONAL / ANDHRA PRADESH : ICRISAT to help revive Nigeria's groundnut industry". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  19. "A good pearl millet hybrid gets even better". ICRISAT. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  20. "HHB67 hybrid of Pearl Millet". Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  21. Erik Stokstad (13 April 2007). "The Plant Breeder and the Pea". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Retrieved 12 September 2012.









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