Northern Pashto

Northern Pashto
Northern Pashto
Native to	Pakistan, Afghanistan
Ethnicity	Pashtun
Native speakers	21 million (2013)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Eastern Iranian Pashto Northern Pashto; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Pashto alphabet
Official status
Regulated by	Pashto Academy (Peshawar, Pakistan)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pbu
Glottolog	nort2646

Northern Pashto (Pashto: شمالي پښتو) comprises the North Western (Pashto: شمال لويديزه پښتو) and North Eastern (Pashto: شمال ختيځه پښتو) dialects.[3]

North Eastern

Northeastern Pashto,[4] is spoken primarily in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Yusapzai

Yusufzai/Yusapzai Pashto is the most-spoken subdialect[5] in the Northeastern Dialect.

Comparison:

Dialects[6]	ښ	ږ	څ	ځ	ژ
North Eastern (e.g. Yusapzai)	[x]	[ɡ]	[s]	[z]	[d͡ʒ]
North Western (e.g Jalalabad)	[x]	[ɡ]	[s]	[z]	[ʒ]
North Western (e.g. Wardak)	[ç]	[ʝ]	[t͡s]	[d͡z]	[ʒ, z]

Lexical Variation

Even within the Yusapzai dialect; regional lexical variation is noted; as pointed out by Dr. Muhammad Ali Kaleem:[7]

Meaning	Mardan	Swat
Ring	ګتمه gʊ́tma	ګوتۍ gwə́təi or Guta
Spinach	ساګ sāg	سابه sābə́
Cup	پيالۍ pyālə́i	پياله pyālá
Puppy	کوتری kutré or Spey	کوکری kukré

Sub-regional lexical variation

Even with regions there can be minor differences in pronunciation. Example:

Malakand District [some localities]	Malakand District [general]	Standard Pashto	Meaning
فپه fpa	ښپه xpa	پښه px̌a, pxa, pša, pṣ̌a	foot

North Western

The North Western is spoken in the east and northeast Afghanistan.[8]

Phonological Variation

There is regional difference in North Western Pashto in pronunciation of words:[9]

	Meaning	Wardak	Jalalabad	Bati Kot
دوی	they	deɪ	ˈduwi	ˈduwi
راکړه	give [imperative of راکول]	ˈrɑka	ˈrɑka	ˈrɑkɽa
پوهېدل	to know [infinitive]	pijeˈdəl	pojeˈdəl	pojidəl
شپږ	six	ʃpaʝ	ʃpag	ʃpiʒ
وريځ	cloud	wərˈjed͡z	wrez	wəˈred͡z
ښځه	woman	ˈçəd͡za	ˈxəza
اوبه	water	oˈbə	uˈbə	oˈbə

References

Northern Pashto at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1976). Current Trends in Linguistics: Index. Walter de Gruyter. p. 705.
"Glottolog 4.3 - Northern Pashto". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
Prods Oktor Skjærvø, P.O. 1989. Pashto. In "Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum", R. Schmitt (ed.), 384-410.
"Redirected". 19 November 2019.
Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.
Kaleem, Muhammad (2015). "Lexical Variation in Pashto: A Comparative Study Conducted in Mardan and Swat , in Pashto" (PDF). Pashto. 44 (650): 21–52.
Anna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-61451-303-2.
Coyle, Dennis Walter (2014). Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties (Master's thesis). University of North Dakota.

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[e18-1] Northern Pashto at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1976). Current Trends in Linguistics: Index. Walter de Gruyter. p. 705.

[3] "Glottolog 4.3 - Northern Pashto". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.

[4] Prods Oktor Skjærvø, P.O. 1989. Pashto. In "Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum", R. Schmitt (ed.), 384-410.

[5] "Redirected". 19 November 2019.

[Hallberg-6] Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.

[7] Kaleem, Muhammad (2015). "Lexical Variation in Pashto: A Comparative Study Conducted in Mardan and Swat , in Pashto" (PDF). Pashto. 44 (650): 21–52.

[8] Anna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-61451-303-2.

[UND-9] Coyle, Dennis Walter (2014). Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties (Master's thesis). University of North Dakota.