Shughni language

Shughni or Khughni (in the local language: хуг̌ну̊н зив tr. khughnön ziv; Tajik: шуғнонӣ, Persian: شغنانی), is one of the Pamir languages of the Southeastern Iranian language group.[2][1] Its distribution is in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in Tajikistan, Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan, Chitral district in Pakistan and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in China.[2][3]

Shughni
Shugnani-Rushani
xuǧnůn ziv/хуг̌ну̊н зив, pomiray/помирай зив/خُغنُوْن زِڤ
Native toTajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China
EthnicityShughnan
Native speakers
(50,000 Shughni proper, ca. 75,000 all varieties cited 1990)[1]
Dialects
Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3sgh
Glottologshug1248
ELP
Shughni is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Shughni-Rushani tends towards SOV word order, distinguishes a masculine and feminine gender in nouns and some adjectives, as well as the 3rd person singular of verbs. Shughni distinguishes between an absolutive and an oblique case in its system of pronouns. Rushani is noted for a typologically unusual 'double-oblique' construction, also called a 'transitive case', in the past tense. Normally Soviet school scientists consider Rushani as a close but independent language to Shughni, while Western school scientists codes Rushani as a dialect of Shughni due to Afghanistan Rushani speakers living in the Sheghnan district of Badakhshan Province.

Dialects

Rushani, Bartangi, Oroshori (Roshorvi), Khufi and Shughni proper are considered to be dialects. However, Bartangi and Khufi are quite distinct and may be separate languages.

Phonology

Vowels

The following are the vowels of Shughni:

Shughni vowels
FrontCentral Back
Close i u
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Close-mid e ø(ə) o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a~æ ɑ

Long vowels occur as /iː, eː, oː/.

Consonants

The following are the consonants of Shughni:[4]

Shughni consonants
Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Post-
alveolar		 Velar Uvular Glottal
plain sibilant
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate		 voiceless p t t͡s t͡ʃ k q
voiced b d d͡z d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f θ s ʃ x χ (h)
voiced v ð z ʒ ɣ ʁ
Approximant l j w
Rhotic r
  • /r/ can be realised as a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
  • Velar sounds /x, ɣ/ can also be realised as more fronted palatal sounds [ç, ʝ].

Vocabulary
Chart of Sounds in Shughni
Letter Phoneme English equivalent Usage in Shugni
Latin Cyrillic Latin Orthography Cyrillic Orthography
A/a А аaapple, angrybad, akuniath, aram, anor бад, акуниат̌, арам, анор
Aa/aa А̄ а̄aːHarvard, marchxhaab, daav, zamunaa, baad ха̄б, да̄в, замуна̄, ба̄д
Ai/ai Ай айajbite, firetaiyor, arai, aiyuum, maile тайор, арай, аййӯм, майлэ
B/b Б бbbig, ablebiyor, balad, abor бийор, балад, абор
Ch/ch Ч чt͡ʃchurch, chairchiiz, chiid, choi, chorik чӣз, чӣд, чои, чорик
D/d Д дddead, drieddaak, diidor, murd, dar да̄к, дӣдор, мурд, дар
Dh/dh Д̌ д̌ðthis, motherdhid, dhust, dhud, pidhid, podh д̌ид, д̌уст, д̌уд, пид̌ид, под̌
Dz/dz З̌ з̌d͡zbuds, lads (approximate)dzulik, pindz, wixhidz, majdzuunj з̌улик, пинз̌, в̌ихиз̌, маҷз̌ӯнҷ
E/e Э эɛelephant, eggelak, qate, qine, biide элак, қатэ, қинэ, бӣдэ
Ee/ee Ээ ээeːteam, breezetseem, teez, deer, Apreel цээм, тээз, дээр, Апрээл
Ey/ey Эй эйɛjaid, ancientpeydow, xheydow, пэйдов̌, хэйдов̌
F/f Ф фffat, rooffort, famtow, faand, boft форт, фамтов̌, фа̄нд, бофт
G/g Г гggirl, biggaap, gandaa, gardha, yiga га̄п, ганда̄, гард̌а, йига
Gh/gh Г̌ г̌ɣsound not used in Englishghaats, ghalat, bogh, shagh г̌а̄ц, г̌алат, бог̌, шаг̌
H/h Ҳ ҳ h hat Marginal phoneme
I/i И иɪbig, liftnist, yiwath, khirs, chis нист, йив̌ат̌, х̌ирс, чис
Ii/ii Ӣ ӣiːfeet, beattiidow, miidow, shiintow, zhiiwj тӣдов̌, мӣдов̌, шӣнтов̌, жӣв̌ҷ
J/j Ҷ ҷd͡ʒjam, bargejumla, jazo, majlis, ajab ҷумла, ҷазо, маҷлис, аҷаб
Jh/jh Ғ ғʁsound not used in Englishjhinik, saajh, majh, sipajh ғиник, са̄ғ, мағ, сипағ
K/k К кkbook, kitkitob, maak, tukmaa, kiinaa китоб, ма̄к, тукма̄, кина̄
Kh/kh Х̌ х̌xloch, Khorog (only for some speakers)khaat, sakht, bakht, kharid х̌а̄т, сах̌т, бах̌т, х̌арид
L/l Л лllike, feellap, liing, tambal, balad лап, лӣнг, тамбал, балад
M/m М мmmouse, meetmund, tamand, famtow, shaam мунд, таманд, фамтов̌, ша̄м
N/n Н нnnut, meannaan, qand, fanaa, baandak на̄н, қанд, фана̄, ба̄ндак
O/o О оopot, shopoyandaa, ofarin, boft, nolaan ойанда̄, офарин, бофт, нола̄н
Oo/oo Оо ооoːboot, poodlenoor, joor, mood, moon ноор, ҷоор, моод, моон
P/p П пppaint, topparwiin, lap, pardhedow, pool парв̌ӣн, лап, пард̌эдов̌, поол
Q/q Қ қqsound not used in Englishqamoch, qand, nuqtaa, qiin қамоч, қанд, нуқта̄, қӣн
R/r Р рrrabbit, robraang, tsarang, roosht, rukhsat ра̄нг, царанг, роошт, рух̌сат
S/s С сssit, misssarake, baas, kasal, safar саракэ, ба̄с, касал, сафар
Sh/sh Ш шʃshout, bushshamol, maash, bashand, shogird шамол, ма̄ш, башанд, шогирд
T/t Т тttitle, timetavaar, turd, sust, chust тава̄р, турд, суст, чуст
Th/th Т̌ т̌θthink, mothachath, khobath, aquniath, thiir ачат̌, х̌обат̌, ақуниат̌, тӣр
Ts/ts Ц цt͡sblitz, fits (approximate)tsavor, buts, tsarang, xhats цавор, буц, царанг, хац
U/u У уulook, shouldduzd, mund, tuid, buts дузд, мунд, туид, буц
Uu/uu Ӯ ӯuːearn, fernluuvd, uun, yuudand, okhoruun лӯвд, ӯн, йӯданд, ох̌орӯн
V/v В вvvet, leaveviidow, helav, vaz, virod вӣдов̌, ҳэлав, ваз, вирод
W/w В̌ в̌wfew, waitchiidow, wiintow, boware, wazmin чӣдов̌, в̌ӣнтов̌, бов̌арэ, в̌азмӣн
Xh/xh Х хχsound not used in Englishxheidow, xhats, tuxhna, duxhman хэйдов̌, хац, тухна, духман
Y/y Й йjyellow, yetyordam, yelav, oyandaa, boyad йордам, йэлав, ойанда̄, бойад
Z/z З зzzoo, blazezamiin, bozor, zardak, ziird замӣн, бозор, зардак, зӣрд
Zh/zh Ж жʒpleasure, déjà vuzholaa, zhiiwj, ghazhd, zhow жола̄, жӣв̌ҷ, г̌ажд, жов̌

Orthography

Cyrillic alphabet

The Shughni Cyrillic alphabet is as follows:

А а А̄ а̄ Б б В в В̌ в̌ Г г Ғ ғ Г̌ г̌ Ғ̌ ғ̌ Д д Д̌ д̌
Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з З̌ з̌ И и Ӣ ӣ Й й К к Қ қ Л л
М м Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т Т̌ т̌ У у Ӯ ӯ У̊ у̊
Ф ф Х х Ҳ ҳ Х̌ х̌ Ц ц Ч ч Ҷ ҷ Ш ш Ъ ъ Э э

Literature
  • Edelman, D. (Joy) I. and Leila R. Dodykhudoeva (2009). "Shughni." In: Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages, 787-824. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Olson, Karen (2017). Shughni Phonology Statement. SIL International.
  • Zarubin, I. I. (1960). Shugnanskie teksty i slovar. Moskva: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR.

References
  1. Shughni at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Karamšoev, Dodchudo K. (1988–99). Šugnansko-russkij slovar. 3 vols. Moskva: Nauka. ISBN 5-02-016991-9 (Vol. 2), ISBN 5-02-018101-3 /ISBN 5-02-017858-6 (Vol. 3)
  3. Windfuhr, Gernot (2013-05-13). Iranian Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79704-1.
  4. Arno, James C. (2007). "Shughni" (PDF) – via people.umass.edu.
Shughni language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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