Imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide

Imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide is an organic azide compound that can be used as an alternative to trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide. It is an explosive colorless liquid, but some of its organic-soluble salts can be safely handled and stored as a solid.

Imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide
Space-filling model of the imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide molecule
Space-filling model of the imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide molecule
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
1H-Imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
  • InChI=1S/C3H3N5O2S.ClH/c4-6-7-11(9,10)8-2-1-5-3-8;/h1-3H;1H checkY
    Key: XYURSCOGYWBRDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C3H3N5O2S.ClH/c4-6-7-11(9,10)8-2-1-5-3-8;/h1-3H;1H
    Key: XYURSCOGYWBRDR-UHFFFAOYAJ
  • Cl.O=S(=O)(N=[N+]=[N-])n1ccnc1
Properties
C3H3N5O2S
Molar mass 173.15 g·mol−1
Appearance Colourless Liquid
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Potentially explosive, Harmful
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Preparation

The hydrochloride salt of this compound is also available commercially, but can degrade to release explosive byproducts.[1]

Reactions

Like trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide, this compound generally converts primary amines or ammonium salts to azides when catalyzed by copper(II), nickel(II), zinc(II), and cobalt(II) salts.[2] This reaction is effectively the reverse of the Staudinger reaction. Similarly, it is able to transfer the diazo group (=N2) under basic conditions.[2]

Safety

As with all organic azides, this compound is potentially explosive both in use and in preparation. The hydrochloride salt was initially reported to be insensitive to impact, vigorous grinding, and prolonged heating at 80 °C, although heating above 150 °C resulted in violent decomposition. Further reported impact studies indicated otherwise, showing the sensitivity to be similar to RDX.[3] Subsequent reports noted that the hydrochloride salt is hygroscopic, and upon prolonged storage was hydrolyzed to produce hydrazoic acid, which made the material sensitive.[2][3] Synthesis of the HCl salt has led to a significant explosion, with expected explosive byproducts of sulfonyl diazide or hydrazoic acid being present.[4]

Recent studies have shown the hydrogen sulfate salt to be significantly less hazardous to handle with decomposition temperature of 131 °C, insensitivity to impact, and low electrostatic discharge and friction sensitivities.[3] Further improvements have led to its synthesis with increased safety, making the hydrogen sulfate salt a relatively safe diazo-transfer reagent to both synthesize and handle.[5]

References
  1. van Delft, Floris. "SX-B1001". Synaffix. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  2. E. D. Goddard-Borger and R. V. Stick (2007). "An Efficient, Inexpensive, and Shelf-Stable Diazotransfer Reagent:  Imidazole-1-sulfonyl Azide Hydrochloride". Organic Letters. 9 (19): 3797–3800. doi:10.1021/ol701581g. PMID 17713918.
    E. D. Goddard-Borger and R. V. Stick (2011). "An Efficient, Inexpensive, and Shelf-Stable Diazotransfer Reagent:  Imidazole-1-sulfonyl Azide Hydrochloride". Addition/Correction. Organic Letters. 13 (9): 2514. doi:10.1021/ol2007555.
  3. Fischer, Niko; Goddard-Borger, Ethan D.; Greiner, Robert; Klapötke, Thomas M.; Skelton, Brian W.; Stierstorfer, Jörg (2012). "Sensitivities of Some Imidazole-1-sulfonyl Azide Salts". J. Org. Chem. 77 (4): 1760–1764. doi:10.1021/jo202264r. PMID 22283437.
  4. Goddard-Borger, Ethan D.; Stick, Robert V. (2011-03-29). "An Efficient, Inexpensive, and Shelf-Stable Diazotransfer Reagent: Imidazole-1-sulfonyl Azide Hydrochloride". Organic Letters. 13 (9): 2514. doi:10.1021/ol2007555.
  5. Potter, Garrett T.; Jayson, Gordon C.; Miller, Gavin J.; Gardiner, John M. (2016-03-29). "An Updated Synthesis of the Diazo-Transfer Reagent Imidazole-1-sulfonyl Azide Hydrogen Sulfate" (PDF). The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 81 (8): 3443–3446. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.6b00177. PMID 26998999.
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