Demographics of Indonesia

The population of Indonesia was 270.20 million according to the 2020 national census, an increase from 237.64 in 2010.[1][2] Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. Approximately 55% of Indonesia's population resides on Java, which is the most populous island in the world.

Demographics of Indonesia
Population pyramid of Indonesia in 2020
PopulationIncrease 270,203,917 (2020 census)
Growth rate0.79% (2022 est.)
Birth rate15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancyIncrease 73.08 years
 • male70.86 years
 • female75.4 years
Fertility rateDecrease 2.18 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate19.73 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years23.87%
15–64 years68.31%
65 and over7.82%
Sex ratio
Total1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Under 151.05 male(s)/female
65 and over0.66 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityIndonesian
Major ethnicOver 1,300 ethnic groups
Language
OfficialIndonesian
SpokenOver 700 languages
Historical population
Indonesian students during a school excursion to a museum; Indonesia currently possesses a relatively young population.

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1967,[3] Indonesia's average population growth per year was over 1.1% for the decade ending in 2020, nearly having 13% population growth for that decade. At this rate, Indonesia's population is projected to surpass the population of the United States if the recent population growth continues.[4]

Indonesia has a relatively young population compared to Western nations, though it is aging as the country's birth rate has slowed and its life expectancy has increased. The median age was 30.2 years in 2017.[5] Indonesia includes numerous ethnic, cultural and linguistic groups, some of which are related to each other. Since independence, Indonesian is the language of most written communication, education, government, and business. Many local ethnic languages are the first language of most Indonesians and are still important.

Population
Provinces of Indonesia by population density per square kilometer in 2020
  10,001 and above
  1,001 to 10,000
  101 to 1,000
  11 to 100
  1 to 10
See also: List of Indonesian cities by population and List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia
Historical population of Indonesia
YearPop.±% p.a.
0 2,000,000—    
1000 3,500,000+0.06%
1500 7,750,000+0.16%
1700 9,500,000+0.10%
1930 60,727,233+0.81%
1955 77,473,268+0.98%
1961 97,085,348+3.83%
1971 119,208,229+2.07%
1976 141,862,419+3.54%
1980 147,490,298+0.98%
1990 179,378,946+1.98%
2000 206,264,595+1.41%
2010 237,641,326+1.43%
2020 270,203,917+1.29%
Source: Our World in Data,[6] Statistics Indonesia,[7][8] Wertheim (1959),[9] Geografi dan Kependudukan (1976),[10] Widjojo Nitisastro (2006)[11]

Population by province
Province Population
(2010 census)		 Urban %
in 2010		 Total
Fertility
Rate		 Population
(2015 census)
Aceh4,494,41023.62.794,496,570
North Sumatra12,982,20442.43.0113,923,262
West Sumatra4,846,90929.02.915,190,577
Riau5,538,36743.72.826,330,941
Jambi3,092,26528.32.513,397,164
South Sumatra7,450,39434.42.568,043,042
Bengkulu1,715,51829.42.511,872,136
Lampung7,608,40521.02.458,109,601
Bangka Belitung Islands1,223,29643.02.541,370,331
Riau Islands1,679,16367.42.381,968,313
Banten10,632,16652.22.3511,934,373
Jakarta9,607,787100.01.8210,154,134
West Java43,053,73250.32.4346,668,214
Central Java32,382,65740.42.2033,753,023
Yogyakarta3,457,49157.71.943,675,768
East Java37,476,75740.92.0038,828,061
Bali3,890,75749.82.134,148,588
West Nusa Tenggara4,500,21234.82.594,830,118
East Nusa Tenggara4,683,82715.93.825,112,760
West Kalimantan4,395,98325.12.644,783,209
Central Kalimantan2,212,08927.52.562,490,178
South Kalimantan3,626,61636.32.353,984,315
East Kalimantan3,028,48757.62.613,422,676
North Kalimantan524,656639,639
North Sulawesi2,270,59637.02.432,409,921
Gorontalo1,040,16425.52.761,131,670
Central Sulawesi2,635,00919.72.942,872,857
South Sulawesi8,034,77629.42.558,512,608
Southeast Sulawesi2,232,58620.83.202,495,248
West Sulawesi1,158,651--3.331,279,994
Maluku1,533,50625.93.561,683,856
North Maluku1,038,08729.53.351,160,275
Papua2,833,38122.22.873,143,088
West Papua760,422--3.18868,819
Indonesia237,641,3262.41255,182,144

Source: Population Census 2010,[2] except for final column, taken from Inter-Census Survey 2015.

Note: (a) North Kalimantan province was created in 2012 (by separation from East Kalimantan province); the 2010 total figures given are those for the provinces as they were following that splitting (Urban % and Total Fertility Rate columns unadjusted).

Age structure

Age structure in Indonesia (2020)[12]

  Minor: 0-14 years (23.3%)
  Workforce: 15-64 years (70.7%)
  Retiree: 65 years and over (6.0%)

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data are based on the publication: "Indonesia Population Projection 2015-2045"):[13]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 135 337 011 134 266 419 269 603 430 100
0–4 11 101 528 10 850 465 21 951 993 8.14
5–9 11 205 657 10 739 503 21 945 160 8.14
10–14 11 284 333 10 884 509 22 168 842 8.22
15–19 11 189 861 10 949 531 22 139 392 8.21
20–24 11 070 774 10 887 555 21 958 329 8.14
25–29 10 963 605 10 736 361 21 699 966 8.05
30–34 10 777 337 10 524 673 21 302 010 7.90
35–39 10 477 475 10 305 704 20 783 179 7.71
40–44 9 830 929 9 693 109 19 524 038 7.24
45–49 9 140 315 9 023 924 18 164 239 6.74
50–54 7 975 551 7 947 477 15 923 028 5.91
55–59 6 632 329 6 691 467 13 323 796 4.94
60–64 5 234 762 5 287 052 10 521 814 3.90
65-69 3 758 966 3 921 263 7 680 229 2.85
70-74 2 485 308 2 757 062 5 242 370 1.94
75+ 2 208 281 3 066 764 5 275 045 1.96
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 33 591 518 32 474 477 66 065 995 24.50
15–64 93 292 938 92 046 853 185 339 791 68.75
65+ 8 452 555 9 745 089 18 197 644 6.75

Vital statistics
Indonesia fertility rate by province (2017)
  3.3 to 3.5
  3.0 to 3.2
  2.7 to 2.9
  2.4 to 2.6
  2.1 to 2.3

United Nations estimates
Period Population
(thousands)		 Live births
(thousands)		 Deaths
(thousands)		 Natural change
(thousands)		 CBR[lower-roman 1] CDR[lower-roman 1] NC[lower-roman 1] TFR[lower-roman 1] IMR[lower-roman 1] Life expectancy
(years)
1950 69 568 2 826 1 505 1 321 40.6 21.6 19.0 5.19 189.1 39.40
1951   71 019   2 926   1 522   1 404 41.2 21.4 19.8 5.23 186.8 39.79
1952   72 571   3 035   1 517   1 518 41.8 20.9 20.9 5.27 182.0 40.69
1953   74 208   3 146   1 526   1 620 42.4 20.6 21.8 5.31 177.4 41.42
1954   75 925   3 257   1 533   1 723 42.9 20.2 22.7 5.35 172.9 42.19
1955   77 742   3 359   1 542   1 817 43.2 19.8 23.4 5.37 168.4 42.92
1956   79 662   3 475   1 544   1 931 43.6 19.4 24.2 5.41 164.0 43.80
1957   81 691   3 589   1 556   2 033 43.9 19.0 24.9 5.45 159.8 44.50
1958   83 819   3 701   1 575   2 126 44.2 18.8 25.4 5.48 155.8 45.05
1959   86 048   3 811   1 578   2 233 44.3 18.3 26.0 5.51 151.9 45.86
1960   88 383   3 929   1 593   2 337 44.5 18.0 26.4 5.55 148.3 46.45
1961   90 817   4 031   1 602   2 429 44.4 17.6 26.7 5.57 144.8 47.12
1962   93 345   4 127   1 603   2 523 44.2 17.2 27.0 5.59 141.4 47.87
1963   95 963   4 217   1 614   2 603 43.9 16.8 27.1 5.60 138.1 48.43
1964   98 675   4 304   1 609   2 695 43.6 16.3 27.3 5.61 134.8 49.23
1965   101 158   4 380   2 121   2 259 43.3 21.0 22.3 5.62 142.7 42.60
1966   103 561   4 426   1 740   2 686 42.7 16.8 25.9 5.60 129.5 48.20
1967   106 261   4 468   1 596   2 871 42.0 15.0 27.0 5.58 124.8 51.07
1968   109 139   4 503   1 594   2 909 41.3 14.6 26.7 5.54 121.4 51.63
1969   112 149   4 555   1 582   2 973 40.6 14.1 26.5 5.51 118.0 52.35
1970   115 228   4 596   1 576   3 021 39.9 13.7 26.2 5.45 114.6 52.99
1971   118 347   4 627   1 570   3 056 39.1 13.3 25.8 5.36 111.5 53.58
1972   121 504   4 667   1 560   3 107 38.4 12.8 25.6 5.29 108.4 54.24
1973   124 709   4 720   1 554   3 166 37.9 12.5 25.4 5.22 105.3 54.85
1974   127 945   4 727   1 547   3 180 37.0 12.1 24.9 5.09 102.3 55.43
1975   131 213   4 783   1 544   3 239 36.5 11.8 24.7 5.04 99.4 55.97
1976   134 521   4 813   1 540   3 273 35.8 11.5 24.3 4.92 96.8 56.51
1977   137 862   4 849   1 534   3 315 35.2 11.1 24.0 4.81 94.1 57.08
1978   141 251   4 908   1 535   3 373 34.7 10.9 23.9 4.72 91.6 57.57
1979   144 693   4 952   1 530   3 422 34.2 10.6 23.7 4.61 89.3 58.15
1980   148 177   4 981   1 521   3 460 33.6 10.3 23.4 4.49 86.9 58.75
1981   151 686   4 997   1 526   3 472 33.0 10.1 22.9 4.36 84.6 59.14
1982   155 229   5 036   1 514   3 522 32.4 9.8 22.7 4.25 82.3 59.76
1983   158 791   5 016   1 507   3 508 31.6 9.5 22.1 4.10 79.9 60.27
1984   162 332   4 986   1 502   3 484 30.7 9.3 21.5 3.94 77.6 60.73
1985   165 792   4 836   1 481   3 355 29.2 8.9 20.2 3.71 75.2 61.31
1986   169 135   4 736   1 472   3 264 28.0 8.7 19.3 3.53 72.8 61.72
1987   172 421   4 732   1 481   3 251 27.4 8.6 18.9 3.42 70.4 61.97
1988   175 695   4 738   1 495   3 244 27.0 8.5 18.5 3.33 68.0 62.21
1989   178 949   4 707   1 487   3 220 26.3 8.3 18.0 3.22 65.6 62.70
1990   182 160   4 647   1 477   3 170 25.5 8.1 17.4 3.10 63.1 63.18
1991   185 361   4 702   1 484   3 218 25.4 8.0 17.4 3.06 60.6 63.54
1992   188 558   4 644   1 468   3 176 24.6 7.8 16.8 2.94 58.1 64.13
1993   191 737   4 652 1 464   3 188 24.3 7.6 16.6 2.88 55.7 64.60
1994   194 929   4 681   1 481   3 201 24.0 7.6 16.4 2.84 53.3 64.86
1995   198 140   4 714   1 487   3 227 23.8 7.5 16.3 2.80 51.0 65.24
1996   201 374   4 762   1 519   3 244 23.6 7.5 16.1 2.77 48.9 65.36
1997   204 628   4 797   1 526   3 271 23.4 7.5 16.0 2.74 46.8 65.73
1998   207 855   4 744   1 544   3 200 22.8 7.4 15.4 2.66 44.8 65.96
1999   210 997   4 683   1 559   3 123 22.2 7.4 14.8 2.58 42.9 66.22
2000   214 072   4 680   1 581   3 099 21.9 7.4 14.5 2.54 41.1 66.43
2001   217 112   4 679   1 591   3 088 21.5 7.3 14.2 2.50 39.5 66.76
2002   220 115   4 662   1 596   3 066 21.2 7.2 13.9 2.46 37.8 67.13
2003   223 080   4 658   1 612   3 046 20.9 7.2 13.7 2.43 36.3 67.41
2004   225 939   4 678   1 807   2 871 20.7 8.0 12.7 2.42 36.9 65.75
2005   228 805   4 746   1 679   3 067 20.7 7.3 13.4 2.43 33.5 67.65
2006   231 797   4 819   1 698   3 121 20.8 7.3 13.5 2.45 32.2 67.91
2007   234 858   4 923   1 719   3 205 21.0 7.3 13.6 2.49 31.0 68.19
2008   237 937   4 927   1 763   3 164 20.7 7.4 13.3 2.48 29.8 68.23
2009   240 981   4 913   1 780   3 133 20.4 7.4 13.0 2.46 28.7 68.49
2010   244 016   4 920   1 807   3 112 20.2 7.4 12.8 2.45 27.6 68.68
2011   247 100   5 029   1 843   3 186 20.3 7.5 12.9 2.50 26.5 68.82
2012   250 223   5 028   1 875   3 153 20.1 7.5 12.6 2.49 25.6 68.97
2013   253 276   4 917   1 889   3 029 19.4 7.5 12.0 2.43 24.6 69.26
2014   256 230   4 857   1 904   2 953 19.0 7.4 11.5 2.39 23.7 69.53
2015   259 092   4 780   1 933   2 847 18.4 7.5 11.0 2.35 22.8 69.70
2016   261 850   4 718   1 972   2 746 18.0 7.5 10.5 2.31 22.0 69.80
2017   264 499   4 634   2 004   2 629 17.5 7.6 9.9 2.26 21.2 69.94
2018   267 067   4 588   2 002   2 586 17.2 7.5 9.7 2.23 20.5 70.34
2019   269 583   4 559   2 032   2 526 16.9 7.5 9.4 2.22 19.8 70.52
2020   271 858   4 526  2 437   2 089 16.6 9.0 7.7 2.19 19.2 68.81
2021   273 753   4 496 2 755 1 741 16.4 10.1 6.4 2.18 18.6 67.57
  1. CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022[14]

Registered births and deaths

Data from Department of Statistics of Indonesia :[15]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Fertility rates
2003 213,600,000 approx. 4,439,176 13.4
2004 216,400,000 approx. 4,439,176 13.3
2005 219,800,000 approx. 4,439,176 13.2
2006 222,700,000 approx. 4,439,176 13.0
2007 225,600,000 approx. 4,439,176 12.8
2008 228,500,000 approx. 4,439,176 12.5
2009 231,400,000 approx. 4,418,871 12.2
2010 237,641,326 approx. 4,418,871 1,236,154 18.6 5.2
2011 241,000,000 approx. 4,418,871 13.2
2012 244,200,000 approx. 4,418,871 13.1 2.6
2015 255,587,900 approx. 4,418,871
2016 258,496,500 approx. 4,414,499
2017 261,355,500 approx. 4,414,499 2.4
2018 264,161,600 approx. 4,414,499
2019 266,911,900 approx. 4,414,499
2020 269,603,400 approx. 4,414,499
2021 271,350,000 2.18

Fertility and Births (Demographic and Health Surveys)

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[16]

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
1981-1983 4.3
1987 3.4 (3.1) 2.9 (2.6) 3.7 (3.4)
1991 25.1 3.02 (2.50) 24.0 2.60 (2.03) 25.6 3.24 (2.73)
1994 2.9 (2.4) 2.3 (1.8) 3.2 (2.7)
1997 2.8 (2.4) 2.4 (2.0) 3.0 (2.6)
2002-2003 21.9 2.6 (2.2) 22.1 2.4 (2.1) 21.7 2.7 (2.3)
2007 20.9 2.6 (2.2) 20.2 2.3 (2.0) 21.5 2.8 (2.4)
2012 20.4 2.6 (2.0) 20.1 2.4 (1.9) 20.7 2.8 (2.2)
2017 18.1 2.4 (2.1) 17.7 2.3 (1.9) 18.5 2.6 (2.2)

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2020 Indonesia's average total fertility rate was 2.04 children/born per woman.[17]

Fertility rate and aging population (by province)

Total fertility rate (TFR) and population over age 60 by region as of 2010:[18]

ProvinceTotal fertility rate (2010) Total fertility rate (2020)Population over age 60 (2010)
North Sumatera3.01 2.485.9
West Sumatera2.91 2.468.1
Riau2.82 2.284.0
Jambi2.51 2.285.5
South Sumatera2.56 2.236.2
Bengkulu2.51 2.305.8
Lampung2.45 2.287.2
Bangka Belitung2.54 2.245.8
Kepulauan Riau2.38 2.213.4
Jakarta1.82 1.755.1
West Java2.43 2.117.0
Central Java2.20 2.0910.3
Yogyakarta1.94 1.8912.9
East Java2.00 1.9810.4
Banten2.35 2.014.6
Bali2.13 2.049.7
East Nusa Tenggara3.82 2,797.4
West Kalimantan2.64 2,335.8
Central Kalimantan2.56 2,314.6
South Kalimantan2.35 2.315.8
East Kalimantan2.61 2.184.0
North Sulawesi2.43 2.108.4
Central Sulawesi2.94 2.326.6
South Sulawesi2.55 2.228.2
Southeast Sulawesi3.20 2.575.8
Gorontalo2.76 2.305.9
West Sulawesi3.33 2.586.2
Maluku3.56 2.526.2
North Maluku3.35 2.474.8
West Papua3.18 2.663.2
Papua2.87 2.762.4

Ethnic groups
More
Ethnic groups Percentage
Javanese
 
 42.65%
Sundanese
 
 15.41%
Malay
 
 3.45%
Madurese
 
 3.37%
Batak
 
 3.02%
Minangkabau
 
 2.72%
Betawi
 
 2.51%
Bugis
 
 2.49%
Bantenese
 
 2.05%
Banjarese
 
 1.74%
Acehnese
 
 1.66%
Balinese
 
 1.51%
Chinese
 
 1.20%
Makassarese
 
 0.99%
Main article: Ethnic groups in Indonesia

There are over 1,300 ethnic groups in Indonesia;[19] 95% of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry. Javanese is the largest group with 100 million people (42%), followed by Sundanese, who number nearly 40 million (15%).

Religions
Main article: Religion in Indonesia

Religion in Indonesia (2018)[20]

  Islam (86.7%)
  Protestantism & Other Christians (7.6%)
  Catholicism (3.12%)
  Hinduism (1.74%)
  Buddhism (0.77%)
  Confucianism (0.03%)
  Other (0.05%)

Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation; 86.7% of Indonesians declared themselves Muslim in the 2018 census.[21] 10.72% of the population adhered to Christianity (of which more than 70% were Protestant), 1.74% were Hindu, 0.77% Buddhist, and 0.07% of other faiths. Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese[22] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are Chinese.[23]

Languages
Main article: Languages of Indonesia

Indonesian is the official language, but there are many different languages native to Indonesia. According to Ethnologue, there are currently 737 living languages spoken in Indonesia,[24] the most widely spoken being Javanese and Sundanese. In Western New Guinea, there are more than 270 indigenous languages in spoken form.[25][26] Some Chinese varieties, most prominently Min Nan, are also spoken. The public use of Chinese, especially usage of Chinese characters, was dissuaded officially between 1966 and 1998.[27]

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.81%
male: 95.5%
female: 90.4% (2011 est.)

Education is free in state schools; it is compulsory for children through to grade 12. Although about 92% of eligible children are enrolled in primary school, a much smaller percentage attend full-time. About 44% of secondary school-age children attend junior high school, and some others of this age group attend vocational schools.

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics
Population pyramid 2016

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook,[28] unless otherwise indicated.

Age structure

0-14 years: 23.33%
15-64 years: 70.72%
65 years and over: 5.95% (2020 census)[29][30]

Median age

total: 31.1 years
male: 30.5 years
female: 31.8 years (2020 est.)

Birth rate

15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate

6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Population growth rate

1.097% (2010 est.)
1.04% (2012 est.)
0.86% (2017 est.)
0.79% (2022 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 57.9% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanisation: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 19.73 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.15 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

Life expectancy in Indonesia since 1927
Life expectancy in Indonesia since 1960 by gender
total population: 73.08 years
male: 70.86 years
female: 75.4 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.01 children born/woman (2022 est.)

HIV/AIDS

Adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2017 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 630,000 (2017 est.)
HIV/AIDS deaths: 39,000 (2017 est.)

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

6.9% (2016)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

19.9% (2013)

Nationality

noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

Religions

Muslim 86.7%, Christianity 10.72% (Protestant 7.6% and Roman Catholic 3.12%), Hinduism 1.74%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.04% (2018 est.)

Languages

Indonesian (official, a form of Malay influenced by other languages of Indonesia), local languages (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese).

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years
male: 12 years
female: 11 years (2005)

Education expenditures

2.8% of GDP (2014)

See also

References
  1. "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  2. "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010". Statistics Indonesia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  3. Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 47. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
  4. Shamim Adam; Berni Moestafa; Novrida Manurung (28 January 2014). "Indonesia Population Approaching U.S. Revives Birth Control". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  5. "Indonesia Demographics Profile".
  6. "Indonesia Population – Our World in Data". ourworldindata.org.
  7. "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  8. "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010". Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  9. Wertheim, W. F. (1959). Indonesian Society in Transition (Second (revised) ed.). 's-Gravenhage: Uitgeverij W. van Hoeve. p. 370.
  10. Geografi dan Kependudukan untuk SMP kelas 2 [Geography and Demographics for High School Grade 2] (in Indonesian). FA. Hasmar. 1976.
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