Ingress (video game)

An example of the Intel Map. Containing portals, links, control fields (colored spaces) and a special overlay Google Maps layer.

A player using their mobile device (or "scanner") is presented with a map representing the surrounding area. The map has a black background and is completely unmarked, except for buildings and roads outlined in grey but not labeled, and bodies of water. These geographical features are supplied by OpenStreetMap.[11] Portals, Exotic Matter, links, and control fields are visible on the map. Distances from the player to in-game locations are displayed in metric units.

Players must be physically near objects on the map to interact with them. The scanner represents the player as a small arrowhead in the center of a circle 40 meters (130 ft) in radius, representing the perimeter within which direct interaction is possible. A player sees only their own location and not any other player's. A player can "hack" a nearby portal to acquire items, some of which can also be used to replenish XM.[12]

Players are rewarded with Action Points (AP) for actions within the game. Accumulating AP beyond certain thresholds grants higher access levels.[13] The access levels are numbered 1 through 16, with 16 being the highest. Once a player reaches Access Level 16, they unlock the ability to "recurse", in which the player starts anew and is given recursion wings next to their agent name as well as the Simulacrum medal on their agent profile.[14]

In addition to earning AP, certain actions within the game can earn a player a medal. Medals are typically multi-tiered (ranked bronze, silver, gold, platinum, and onyx respectively) and become a requirement for level advancement beyond Level 8.[13][15] Most medals are statistic-based: for instance, capturing portals, total MUs captured, fields and links created, various offensive actions, and even, in the past,[16] successfully discovering new portals. Some medals are time-limited requiring particular achievements in a set time frame. Some badges are exclusive and can only be obtained by attending special events.

In September 2014, Niantic introduced missions to the game. A mission is a user-created set of places to visit (waypoints) and interact with in specified ways. Some missions list all the waypoints from the start, while others only reveal them one at a time as the user progresses from one to the next. Completing missions rewards the player with a mission medal displayed on their agent profile.[15][17]

In the game, Earth has a large number of "portals", made visible by the scanner. They are surrounded by a cluster of XM and are colored green, blue, red, or grey, depending respectively on whether they are currently controlled by the Enlightened, by the Resistance, by the Machina,[18] or are unclaimed. Players claim portals for their faction by "deploying" at least one "resonator" on them. They can also add "mods" (modifications) to protect the portals or increase their power in various ways. If a portal is claimed by the enemy or the Machina, the player must first either neutralize it by destroying the portal's resonators with weapons called XMP ("Exotic Matter Pulse") Bursters and Ultra Strikes or flip the portal using either a Jarvis Virus or an ADA Refactor. Players acquire game items (Resonators, XMP Bursters, etc.) by maneuvering themselves, typically by walking, biking, or driving, to within 40 metres (130 ft) of a portal and "hacking" it by selecting this option on their scanners, though "hacking" a Machina portal drains your XM significantly if it zaps you, this is also true for "drone hacking" a Machina portal. Players can also earn additional items and AP for "glyph hacking" a portal, where they are briefly shown several patterns called "glyphs" and must retrace them in the order they appeared within a time limit.[19] If the portal is a Machina portal, players can, instead of "hacking" the portal, neutralize it, causing it to drop its resonators and mods onto the ground which can then be picked up if the dropped items are within 40 metres (130 ft) of the player.[18]

Portals are typically associated with buildings and landmarks of historic or architectural significance — such as sculptures, murals, and other public art, libraries, post offices, memorials, places of worship, transport hubs, parks, and other recreational or tourism spaces, or with business locations.[20] Players may submit requests for the creation of new portals if they meet the level requirements.[21] It was thought upon at the game's launch that this would allow Google to generate data for its location-based services.[22] As of July 2016, 15 million portals had been submitted by the Ingress community, and five million of those had been included in the game.[23] At the time of Ingress Prime's release in November 2018, Niantic stated that "agents in more than 200+ countries have participated in more than 2,000 real-world events and visited more than 1.2 billion Portals".[3]

Two portals with eight resonators deployed and controlled by the same faction can be linked by a player from that faction who is within range of one and has a portal key for the other. The maximum possible length of a link depends on the average level of the portal and any mods that amplify the portal's link range. However, links of any faction other than the Machina cannot cross an existing link.[18] Portals can maintain the links and/or fields connected to them when the portal contains at least three resonators. Once the portal has less than three resonators, all links and fields on the portal are destroyed.

Links between portals can range from several meters to thousands of kilometers, created in operations of considerable logistical complexity.[24] In more complex operations, links and fields can span across countries and oceans.

When three portals are linked in a triangle, they create a control field, claiming Mind Units (MU) within that field for their faction. In the game's context, control fields align the population's thoughts with the faction. Control Fields are measured by the size of the human population that lives under the field.[25] Therefore, larger Control Fields earn more Mind Units. The opposing faction can destroy a control field by destroying one or more of the links that form it.[24]

In December 2017, Niantic announced a thoroughly revamped version of the game, branded as Ingress Prime, would be released in 2018 using a completely rewritten new client and the lessons learned from the massive popularity of Pokémon Go. The new version features a subtly different back story akin to a superhero origin theme and a more florid graphic design.[37] Technologically the new version uses Apple's ARKit and Google's ARCore, and the network layer transitioned from JSON to Protobuf in keeping with the engineering style of Pokémon Go.[31][38] Prime launched on November 5, 2018, as an update to the existing Ingress game.[3] Niantic also retained the older Ingress game and retroactively named the older app as Scanner [REDACTED]. The intention of the older Ingress app was to help aid the transition to Prime as feature parity was reached between both apps in 2019.[39] Niantic retired the older app on September 30, 2019.[40]

XM Anomalies are events where players from both factions compete in portal-based games in order to win points for their faction.[65][66] The format of an XM Anomaly event occurs over the extent of a weekend with Saturday consisting of the main event. A "series" for the XM Anomalies usually spans two different weekends. Anomaly locations may be chosen based on the player activity in a region. Players organize within their faction into squads based on player level, local knowledge, and mode of transport (for example, walking or biking).[67] The largest event, in Japan, attracted over 10,000 players.[34]

Anomaly sites are divided into two categories: Primary and Satellite locations.[68] Niantic employees, as well as characters from the story, often attend events at Primary anomaly locations. More points are awarded to the prevailing faction at Primary sites than at Satellite sites. Players who participate in an anomaly are awarded a unique badge with the emblem of that anomaly.

Ingress has been the subject of academic study on the relationship between regionalism and globalism,[69] and its badge system has been used as an example in a case study of gamification.[70] Erin Stark argues that the game's system of players nominating portals based on street art is in effect the players curating a sense of place and a more flexible cultural heritage.[71] Spanner Spencer, writing for PocketGamer, noted that there was no casual way of playing Ingress and that it demanded dedication and teamwork.[72]

Ingress has been read as a gift economy in which players swap datafication of their physical location for gameplay.[73]

Ingress is considered to be a location-based exergame.[74] Niantic offers a set of guidelines for players that warn against trespass in its Terms of Service and reinforces that the player is responsible for their own conduct while playing the game. Legal expert Brian Wassom regards this as an important factor in AR games reducing the legal risk they bear when directing players to go to a location.[75]

Kai-Uwe Werbeck argues that the role-playing of the Ingress storyline challenges and reinforces postmodernism.[76]

• Ingress won a "special mention" at the 2013 Android Players' Choice Awards.[77]
• In 2014, Ingress won the 18th Japan Media Arts Festival Grand Prize for Entertainment Division[78]
• Ingress won the Game Designers Award at the 2015 Japan Game Awards.[79]
• In 2019, Ingress received the Sport in Life award by Japan's Sport Agency.[80]

According to Alex Dalenberg of American City Business Journals, as of May 2013 there were about 500,000 players globally.[81] In an interview in August 2013 with the fan site Decode Ingress, Niantic founder John Hanke said "There have been over 1M downloads and a large chunk of those are active."[82] In February 2014 there were 2 million players.[83] As of 2015, the game had been downloaded over 8 million times.[84] In 2015, Niantic told Tom's Hardware that they had 7 million players.[85]

Speaking with CNN, CEO John Hanke said he didn't expect players to start talking to each other and forming clubs.[86] The game has attracted an enthusiastic following in cities worldwide[26] amongst both young and old,[87] to the extent that the gameplay is itself a lifestyle for some, including tattoos.[1] Players have even leased airplanes, helicopters, and boats to reach portals in remote areas of Siberia and Alaska.[88]

There are times when the game's backstory is ignored and agents from both factions cooperate for the sake of real-life gameplay and game balance: for example, by establishing neutral zones and rules of engagement; for training new players; for socializing; and occasionally for serious real-life purposes such as honoring fallen heroes.

The game has received local media coverage,[89][90] including for players organizing events such as creating links between portals at war memorials for Memorial Day.[91][92] The opposing faction members at MIT arranged a campus-wide truce after the death of Sean Collier, an MIT police officer shot by the perpetrators in the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, and placed their two respective portals side-by-side in a virtual cenotaph at the site of his death.[93]

At the time of Ingress's launch in 2012, users noted and criticized Ingress for appearing very similar to Shadow Cities, an older, now-defunct, augmented reality game.[94] Both have two factions that are fighting for the future of the world with smartphones. Though the games have similar game mechanics and look-and-feel, there are clear differences. In Shadow Cities, players are in the virtual world, which is dynamically mapped around them, and can teleport within the virtual world, whereas in Ingress, the portals are real-world locations that players generally have to actually move to in order to play.[95] Shadow Cities was shut down on October 7, 2013.[96]

Some players have attracted the attention of law enforcement while playing the game, and hence commentary on the interaction of augmented reality games with real life.[97] Because it can take some time for players to successfully "hack" a portal, they can draw the attention of law enforcement. In addition, some players play while driving slowly around an area, which is not recommended by the game developers and attracts the attention of law enforcement.[98] The Center for Internet Security recommended that law enforcement officers be apprised of the game, and warned that it may be difficult to determine if a malicious actor is using the game as a cover.[99] Furthermore, players have used unofficial apps to stalk each other.[100]

In 2014, a 16-year-old player in Brazil died after being hit by a bus while playing.[101] In 2015, an Irish player fell into the sea and drowned while trying to capture Poolbeg Lighthouse at night.[102]

In September 2019, Niantic informed their player base that XM anomaly events would be a paid event going forward. This was done as a surprise with the next anomaly approaching four weeks.[103] Another criticism for the paid events is the events are organized by players with what can be seen as minor involvement from Niantic.