Iodine cycle

Part of a series on
Biogeochemical cycles
Water cycle Water cycle deep water cycle
Carbon cycle Global atmospheric terrestrial oceanic Sequestration carbon sink deep carbon cycle soil carbon mycorrhizal fungi Boreal forests
Nutrient cycle Hydrogen cycle Nitrogen cycle human impact nitrification nitrogen and lichens fixation assimilation Oxygen cycle Phosphorus cycle assimilation Sulfur cycle assimilation
Rock cycle Calcium cycle Silica cycle Carbonate–silicate cycle
Marine cycle Marine biogeochemical cycles Biological pump microbial loop viral shunt Calcareous ooze Siliceous ooze
Methane cycle Atmospheric methane Methane clathrate clathrate gun hypothesis Arctic methane emissions
Other cycles aluminum arsenic boron bromine cadmium chlorine chromium copper fluorine gold iodine iron lead lithium manganese mercury ozone–oxygen selenium vanadium zinc
Related topics Biogeochemistry geochemical cycle chemical cycling environmental chemistry Biosequestration Deep biosphere Ocean acidification acid rain Biogeochemical planetary boundaries
Research groups DAAC GEOTRACES IMBER NOBM SOLAS
Category

Iodine in the ocean exists mostly in oceanic sediments and seawater.[4] During subduction of oceanic crust and seawater, most of the iodine cycles into seawater through brine, while a minor amount is cycled into the mantle.[4] Marine biota, including seaweed and fish, accumulate iodine from the seawater and return it during decomposition.[2] Sedimentation of oceanic iodine replenishes the ocean sediment sink. [1]

The losses of iodine from the oceanic sink are to the atmospheric sink.[1] Sea spray aerosolization accounts for a portion of this loss.[2] However, the majority of the iodine cycled into the atmosphere occurs through biological conversion of iodide and iodate to methyl forms, primarily methyl iodide.[3] Algae, phytoplankton, and bacteria are involved in reducing the stable Iodate ion to iodide,[5] and different species produce volatile methyl iodide which leaves the oceans and forms aerosols in the atmosphere.[3]

Iodine rarely occurs naturally in mineral form, so it comprises a very small portion of rocks by mass.[2] Sedimentary rocks have higher concentrations of iodine compared to metamorphic and igneous rocks.[4] Due to the low concentration of iodine in rocks, weathering is a minor flux of iodine to soils and the freshwater hydrosphere.[1]

Soils contain a much higher concentration of iodine compared to their parent rock, though most of it is bound to organic and inorganic matter, potentially due to microbial activity.[4] The major source of iodine to soils is through dry and wet deposition of aerosolized iodine in the atmosphere.[1] Due to the high production of atmospheric iodine from the oceans, both the concentration of iodine and the flux of iodine to soils is greatest near coastal regions.[1] Plants uptake iodine from the soil through their roots and return the iodine when they decompose.[2] Fauna that consume plants may uptake this iodine but similarly return it to soils upon decomposition.[2] Some iodine may also be cycled into the freshwater hydrosphere through leaching and runoff, where it may return to the oceans.[1]

Similar to oceanic iodine, the majority of iodine cycled out of soil is volatilized through conversion to methyl forms of iodine by bacteria.[3] Unlike ocean volatilization, however, bacteria are thought to be the only organisms responsible for volatilization in soils.[4]

Iodine is a necessary trace nutrient for human health and is used as a product for various industries.[3] Iodine intended for human use and consumption is taken from brines, which accounts for a minor perturbation to the global iodine cycle.[1] A much larger anthropogenic impact is through the burning of fossil fuels, which releases iodine into the atmosphere.[1]

Iodine-129, a radioisotope of iodine, is a waste product of nuclear power generation and weapons testing.[3] Unless present in high concentrations, I-192 likely does not present danger to human health.[6] Early research has attempted to use the I-129/I-127 ratio as a tracer for the iodine cycle.[6]