Irinjin

Irinjin
Irinjin
Viceroy of Anatolia
	In office; 27 June 1305 – 31 July 1314
Preceded by	Sulamish
Succeeded by	Timurtash
Viceroy of Diyar Bakr
	In office; 1316–1319
Preceded by	Sutay
Succeeded by	Sutay
Personal details
Died	July 1319; Soltaniyeh

Irinjin or Irenjin (Tibetan: རིན་ཆེན, fl. 1295 – c. 1319) was a powerful Kerait emir in Ilkhanate and a viceroy of Anatolia.

Life

He was a son of emir Sarija (his name could also be a misreading of George[1]) and a nephew of Doquz Khatun, thus a great-grandson of Toghrul. His father arrived in Iran with Hulagu and was buried in Nestorian church of Maragheh.[2] He also had a sister called Toqtani or Toqiyatai (d. 1292) who successively married to Hulagu, Abaqa and Qonqurtai.[3] Another sister of his was Uruk Khatun, who was married to Arghun.[4] He emerged as Baydu's supporter when he released his son Kipchak from Gaykhatu's court in 1295.

Rule in Anatolia

After accession of Öljaitü, he was appointed as new viceroy of Anatolia in June 1305.[5] His headquarters was centered in Niksar. Öljaitü's vizier Sa‘d al-Daula Savaji appointed his nephew Sharaf al-Din Musafir as Irinjin's tax collector, Ahmad Lakushi as vizier[6] and emir Agacheri as his commander-in-chief. His monopolisation of duties and officies caused several officers and emirs to abandon their appointments, such as Ögedei, son of Shiktur Noyan of Jalairs.[5] He left his post in Anatolia temporarily in 1307 to join Öljaitü's campaign in Gilan.[7]

His rule in Anatolia was widely disapproved. In one occasion, he besieged a Turkish bey called Ilyas in Sultan Han with 20.000 Mongol soldiers, causing much damage. After end of battle, he demanded a compensation of 6000 dirhams per soldier from mutawalli of Anatolian waqfs Karim ul-Din Aqsarai.[8] His local proteges, for example, a Turkish bey called Shemgit-oglu was known to raid and murder shaykhs, nobles and notables in Aksaray. Another protege of his, Taghachar's cousin Bilarghu had Armenian kings Hetum II and Leo III executed in 1307. After Armenian insurrection, Bilarghu had to flee to Irinjin in Sivas. After numerous complains from locals and his inability to answer Karamanid invasion of Konya, Irinjin was recalled from Anatolia in 1314.

He again gained favour when Abu Sa'id inherited Ilkhanate throne in 1316. Abu Sa'id's new regent Sevinch appointed Irinjin to governorate of Diyar Bakr, but this soon changed after Sevinch's death in 1318. New regent Chupan while appointing his own son Timurtash in Irinjin's former post in Anatolia, recalled Amir Sutai to Diyar Bakr in 1318, leaving Irinjin out of Ilkhanate politics.

Revolt in 1319

Irinjin's rivalry with Chupan, led to his adjoin of Qurumushi, another Kerait emir and commander of Mongol garrison in Georgia. Apart being both Keraites, Qurumushi and Irinjin were both related to il-khan Tekuder by marriage. Qurumushi revolted after his rebuke by Chupan, because of him not coming to aid of Abu Sa'id against invasion of Ozbeg of Golden Horde.[9] Chupan's subordinate Toqmaq also defected to rebel side, because of his old rivalry with Demasq Kaja, son of Chupan. Irinjin's daughter Tursin's hand was sought by Toqmaq, but eventually was married to Demasq Khaja on the orders of Öljaitü. Irinjin's son Shaykh Ali was Abu Sa'id's favorite and his falconer[10] since his governorate in Khorasan, which led some researchers to believe revolt was indeed orchestrated by Abu Sa'id himself who wanted to get rid of Chupan. Qurumushi's 40.000 strong rebel army caught Chupan with his two sons and 2000 strong entourage unguarded near Georgia and caused him to flee, this was when Irinjin openly joined the revolt.

When news of Chupan's defeat reached to Soltaniyeh, Irinjin's son and daughter agreed to plunder the belongings of Demasq Kaja, but was prevented from killing him by Ögrünch, Uyghur emir. Irinjin on his part, pillaged Timurtash's belongings in Anatolia. Rebel armies merged near Nakhchivan and set course to Abu Sa'id's main army soon later. Ilkhanate armies were commanded by Abu Sa'id himself on centre with Ögrünch and Chupan, while his Oirat uncles Ali Padshah and Muhammad was positioned on left wing. Right wing was commanded by Mahmud b. Esen Qutluq and Shayk Ali b. Ali Qushchi. On their part, Irinjin was commanding center on rebel side with his wife Princess Könchek, emir Toqmaq and his brother Aras were commanding left, while Qurumushi commanded right flank. A last second peace attempt by Qutluqshah, Irinjin's wife was in vain. A decisive battle was fought on 20 June 1319 near Mianeh with Ilkhanate victory. Irinjin was captured in vicinity of Kaghazkunan, near Khalkhal.

Aftermath

During trial at Soltaniyeh, Irinjin claimed that he was acting on Abu Sa'id's orders, a claim he rejected. He was executed in Soltaniyeh with a skewer driven up from his chin to brain. Irinjin's body was displayed for 2–3 days and his decapitated head was sent around Ilkhanate provinces. His 15 year old son Vafadar were also decapitated, while his wife Könchek was trampled to death by horses. In total 36 emirs and 7 khatuns were executed, including Amir Toqmaq, Qurumishi, Princess Könchek (daughter of Tekuder) and Irinjin. Qutluqshah Khatun was spared and married off to Pulad Qiya, a brother of Amir Ordu Qiya. Shaykh Ali was already executed before battle.[11]

Religion

Irinjin was a Nestorian and likewise, had Christian family. His family was interred at Mar Shalita church of Maragheh, to which he donated a revenue of a village and prevented it from being converted to a mosque.[12] He was also reported to be a close friend of Mar Yahballaha III.

Family

He was married to Tekuder's daughter Könchek Khatun (d. 1319) and had more wives including a certain Sarijah with whom he had several offsprings:

Shaykh Ali (d. 1319) — married to a daughter of Essen Qutluqh on 28 April 1305
Qutluqshah Khatun — betrothed 18 March 1305, m. 20 June 1305 to Öljaitü, then Pulad Qiya
Tursin Khatun (d. 1324) — married to Demasq Kaja
Vafadar (1304 - 1319)

Through his daughter Tursin Khatun, he became ancestor of Jalayirids on the maternal side.

References

Dunlop, D. M. (1944). "The Karaits of Eastern Asia". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 11 (2): 276–289. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00072463. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 609314.
De Nicola, Bruno (2017), "Mongol Women's Encounters with Eurasian Religions", Women in Mongol Iran, The Khatuns, 1206-1335, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 182–241, ISBN 978-1-4744-1547-7, JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1g09twn.13
L. J. Ward, “The Ẓafar-nāmah of Ḥamd Allāh Mustaufi and the Il-Khān dynasty of Iran,” Ph.D. diss, p.204, University of Manchester, 1983.
Howorth, Henry H. (Henry Hoyle) (1876–1927). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century. Robarts - University of Toronto. London : Longmans, Green. pp. 346, 376.
Melville, Charles (2009). "Anatolia under the Mongols". In Fleet, Kate (ed.). The Cambridge History of Turkey (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–101. doi:10.1017/chol9780521620932.004. ISBN 978-1-139-05596-3.
Hope, Michael (2016). Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-19-876859-3.
Ḥāfiz Abrū, Dhayl-i Jāmi‘al-Tawārīkh-i Rāshidī, ed. Khānbābā Bāyānī (Tehran: Āsār-i Millī, 1972), p. 73
Turan, Osman. Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye (in Turkish). Ötüken Neşriyat A.Ş. ISBN 978-605-155-233-0.
Melville, Charles P. "Abu Sa'id and the revolt of the amirs in 1319". L'Iran Face a la Domination Mongole, ed. D. Aigle, Tehran, 1997, Pp. 89-120.
Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018-07-18). Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108347990.010. ISBN 978-1-108-34799-0.
Ta'rīkh-i Shaikh Uwais : (History of Shaikh Uais) : Am important source for the history of Adharbaijān in the fourteenth century. p. 53.
Borbone, Pier Giorgio (2017). "Marāgha Mdittā Arškitā". Egitto e Vicino Oriente. 40: 109–143. ISSN 0392-6885. JSTOR 26490826.

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[1] Dunlop, D. M. (1944). "The Karaits of Eastern Asia". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 11 (2): 276–289. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00072463. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 609314.

[2] De Nicola, Bruno (2017), "Mongol Women's Encounters with Eurasian Religions", Women in Mongol Iran, The Khatuns, 1206-1335, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 182–241, ISBN 978-1-4744-1547-7, JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1g09twn.13

[3] L. J. Ward, “The Ẓafar-nāmah of Ḥamd Allāh Mustaufi and the Il-Khān dynasty of Iran,” Ph.D. diss, p.204, University of Manchester, 1983.

[4] Howorth, Henry H. (Henry Hoyle) (1876–1927). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century. Robarts - University of Toronto. London : Longmans, Green. pp. 346, 376.

[:0-5] Melville, Charles (2009). "Anatolia under the Mongols". In Fleet, Kate (ed.). The Cambridge History of Turkey (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–101. doi:10.1017/chol9780521620932.004. ISBN 978-1-139-05596-3.

[6] Hope, Michael (2016). Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-19-876859-3.

[7] Ḥāfiz Abrū, Dhayl-i Jāmi‘al-Tawārīkh-i Rāshidī, ed. Khānbābā Bāyānī (Tehran: Āsār-i Millī, 1972), p. 73

[8] Turan, Osman. Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye (in Turkish). Ötüken Neşriyat A.Ş. ISBN 978-605-155-233-0.

[9] Melville, Charles P. "Abu Sa'id and the revolt of the amirs in 1319". L'Iran Face a la Domination Mongole, ed. D. Aigle, Tehran, 1997, Pp. 89-120.

[10] Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018-07-18). Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108347990.010. ISBN 978-1-108-34799-0.

[11] Ta'rīkh-i Shaikh Uwais : (History of Shaikh Uais) : Am important source for the history of Adharbaijān in the fourteenth century. p. 53.

[12] Borbone, Pier Giorgio (2017). "Marāgha Mdittā Arškitā". Egitto e Vicino Oriente. 40: 109–143. ISSN 0392-6885. JSTOR 26490826.