Iris aphylla

Iris aphylla (also known as leafless iris, table iris or stool iris) is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Asia to Europe. It is found in Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Italy, Romania and France. It has dark green or bright green, sword-shaped, long grass-like leaves, that die/fade away in the winter. It also has a slender stem, with several branches and green and purplish spathes. It has 3–5 large flowers, in shades of bright purple, purple, violet, dark blue, blue-violet and dark violet, which bloom between spring and early summer. Occasionally, they re-bloom in the autumn, before the seed capsule is formed. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There is one known subspecies Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica (Waldst. & Kit.) Hegi.

Iris aphylla
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Iris
Species:
I. aphylla
Binomial name
Iris aphylla
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Iris babadagica Rzazade & Golneva
  • Iris bifurca Steven ex Baker
  • Iris bisflorens Host
  • Iris bohemica F.W.Schmidt
  • Iris breviscapa Opiz
  • Iris clusiana Tausch
  • Iris dacica Beldie
  • Iris diantha C. Koch
  • Iris diantha K.Koch
  • Iris duerinckii Buckley
  • Iris extrafoliacea J.C.Mikan ex Pohl
  • Iris falcata Tausch
  • Iris fieberi Seidl
  • Iris hungarica Waldst. & Kit.
  • Iris melzeri Prodán
  • Iris nudicaulis Lam.
  • Iris polonica Fomin & Bordz.
  • Iris reflexa Berg
  • Iris rigida Sieber ex Klatt
  • Iris sabina N.Terracc.
  • Iris schmidtii Baker
  • Iris subtriflora Fieber ex Klatt
  • Iris tenorei Parl.

Description

It is a variable species in the wild,[3] especially in flower colour,[4] height of stem and leaves,[5] and length of perianth tube (of the flower).[6]

It has a stout and thick rhizome,[7][8] with several stem buds.[9] The rhizome creeps along the ground,[10] creating dense clumps of plants.[11]

It has dark green,[9] or intense green leaves, that rise directly from rhizome.[12] They later fade to a grey-green colour.[13] They are often flushed purple at the base.[7][14]: 157 They are ensiform (sword shaped),[5][7][15] glaucescent,[7][10] and falcate (sickle-shaped).[4][6][16] They can grow up to between 15 and 45 cm (6 and 18 in) long, and between 2 and 3 cm wide.[6][7][9] The outer leaves are normally shorter than the inner leaves.[16] They are sometimes longer than the flower stems.[9] It is deciduous.[17] : 39  Meaning that the leaves die back the winter,[14]: 157  and it is leafless,[6][10][18] also leaving a 'naked' stem.[15] This is why it received the common name of 'leafless iris'.[5] They re-grow in March, the next year.[16]

It has a slender,[6][7][14] stem, that can grow up to between 6.5 and 30 cm (3 and 12 in) tall.[19][20][21] Very occasionally, they can reach up to between 50 and 70 cm (20 and 28 in) tall.[6][12][22] They are sometimes the same height as the leaves.[8][23] It is sometimes shorter than Iris germanica, with longer leaves than stems.[24]

The stem has 1–2 branches (or pedicels),[14][25]: 120  (rarely 3 branches).[7] The branches appear from the base up to the middle of the stem.[12][17][26] Occasionally, the rhizome has 2 flower stems,[9] or it produces a branch at the level of the ground, so that two stems appear to arise from the rhizome.[6][16]

The stem has 1–2 spathes (leaves of the flower bud),[10] they are green, or stained with purple,[15][23][27] or purple at the apex of the spathe.[6] They are greenish at flowering time.[10] They are narrow and rounded,[16] ovate,[6] oblong or oblong-lanceolate shaped.[10] They can be between 3 and 6.5 cm (1 and 3 in) long.[6][7] They sometimes have (scarious) membranous tip.[7]

The stems (and the branches) hold between 3 and 5 flowers,[5][22][27] between spring,[4][17][21] and early summer,[5] between April and May,[7][9][22] in May,[23][27][28] or between May and June.[13][29][30] They sometimes have a secondary bloom in autumn,[7][14][25] between August and September,[17] or between September and October,[16] but it is less vigorous than the spring display.[9] Only if good conditions around.[21] They are open for only a few days.[31]

The fragrant,[9] large,[8][23][27] flowers are 4–7 cm (2–3 in) in diameter.[4][9][21] They seem to stand above each other.[15][23][27] They come in shades of bright purple,[23][27][32] purple,[6][17][22] violet,[6][25] dark blue,[13][17] blue-violet,[4][22][26] dark violet,[3] to dark purple.[4][12][21]

In Moldova, there are forms of plants in bright reddish-purple colour.[5]

It has a short pedicel,[6][10] that is 0.5 cm long,[7] and a cylindrical,[10] green perianth tube, that is stained purple and 1.6 – 2.5 cm long.[6][7][16]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[14]: 17  The falls are wide, obovate often retuse (rounded), and 4–6.5 cm (2–3 in) long, and 2–3 cm (1–1 in) wide.[6][7] The falls narrow to a pale, cuneate (wedge shaped) haft (section of petal near stem).[7][10] They are also striped with white,[8][27][32] or the hafts are striped.[17]

In the centre of the petal is a whitish,[10][15][28] or white tinged with blue,[16][25] or pale blue beard.[7] They are tipped with yellow at the back (of the beard),[5][13][14]: 157  or orange tipped.[9] The standards are oval,[7] with an elliptical limb,[6] and 4–6.5 cm (2–3 in) long, and 2.2–3 cm wide.[6] They narrow to canaliculate (with a small channel or groove) brownish-marked haft,[7] or short claw.[6] The standards are slightly broader than the falls.[10]

It has pale style branches, that are 0.6–1 cm long,[7] with deltoid crests.[10]

It has 1.5 cm long filaments, very pale violet, oblong and 1 cm long ovaries, blue edged anthers and white or bluish pollen.[7]

After the iris has flowered, in August,[15] it produces a cylindrical,[5] blunt and triangular,[27] or oblong, hexagonal seed capsule, that is 3–6.5 cm (1–3 in) long, and 1.3–2.3 cm wide, with 6 grooves.[7] Inside the capsule, are obovate,[33] ovoid, globose or pyriform (pear shaped) seeds, that are brown or dark reddish brown,[33] rugose (wrinkled).[6][7] They are 4.5–5.2 mm long and 2.9–3.3 mm wide.[33]

Biochemistry

In 2003, a study was carried out the genetic diversity of Iris aphylla in Poland.[34]

In 2003, a population and morphological study was carried out on Iris aphylla within Biebrza National Park, Poland.[35]

In 2006, the genetic diversity of 7 populations of Iris aphylla were studied.[36]

In 2008, a genetic and morphological study was carried out on Iris aphylla populations in Italy. Some populations (in Piemonte) were re-classified as Iris perrieri and plants labelled as Iris benacensis were not either Iris perrieri or Iris aphylla but a separate species.[37]

In 2008, the iris was studied to find the genetic diversity over a geographical range.[38]

In 2010, a chromosomal and European distribution study was carried out on Iris aphylla. It found the iris had a tetraploid origin.[39]

In 2013, an in vitro micropropagation study was carried out on Iris aphylla. To improve the growth rate of new plants of the species.[12]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[14]: 18  But unusually, Iris aphylla is a tetraploid form with 48 somatic chromosomes,[18][26] but it is also variable.[12] Other chromosome counts have 2n=24, 40 and 48.[6][9][39] It is normally published with a count of 2n=48.[7][19] by Randolph in 1947,[18] and by Hrouda & Kralik (in 2010).[2]

Taxonomy
large image of the flower from Hungary

It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (aphylla) a-FIL-uh.[20]

In German, it is known as 'nacktstängelige iris',[2] or 'nacktstengelige schwertlilie'.[40] In Swedish, as 'skomakariris'.[13][41] In Poland, it is known as 'kosaciec bezlistny'.[40] It is written in Russian Cyrillic script as Ирис Касатик безлистный.[40]

It has several common names including, 'iris leafless',[22] or 'leafless iris',[15][42][43] or 'stool iris',[28][44][45] (especially in Hungary,[31]) or 'table iris'.[26][43][46]

An older common name (especially in the UK), was 'naked stalked purple and white iris',[8] or just 'naked stalked iris'.[29][30][32]

The Latin specific epithet aphylla refers to the Greek word for 'without leaf',[26][47] This is due to the fact that the iris does not have any leaves during the winter period.[5][9][16] Hence, one of its synonyms includes 'Iris nudicaulis',[10] (or nude stem).

It was first published and described by Carl Linnaeus in 'Species Plantarum' (Sp. Pl.) Vol.1 on page 38 on 1 May 1753.[6][48]

The plant has many synonyms,[10][19] including several subspecies which have been downgraded to synonyms as well.[1][18]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004.[41]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life.[49]

Iris aphylla is an accepted name by the RHS and is listed in the 'RHS Plant Finder 2015'.[50]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to parts of Central and Eastern Europe,[17]: 39 [26][28] and temperate Asia,[41]

Range

Within temperate Asia, it is found in the Caucasus,[2][25]: 120 [50] within Azerbaijan,[22] and the Russian Federation,[2][5] states of Ciscaucasia and Dagestan.[41]

Within Europe,[48] it is found in Czechoslovakia,[51] (only in central Bohemia and Czech central,[22]) Germany,[2][3][51] Hungary,[10][16][31] Poland,[2][42][51] Belarus,[18] Ukraine,[2][18][25]: 120  Bulgaria,[52] Albania,[6] Former Yugoslavia,[6] Italy,[2][6] Romania (within the Transylvanian Basin and Szeklerland,[53])[54] France,[22][41] Turkey,[25]: 120 [50] Armenia,[55] Georgia,[6][55] and (according to one ref) in Great Britain and Ireland,[24] but this may mean just naturalized.

Habitat

It is found on the Alps,[6][9] growing in a variety of habitats.[9] It can grow in grasslands and meadows,[2][31][42] beside limestone and sandstone rocks of hillsides,[22][26][42] in forest glades,[5][55] in scrub land or thickets,[5][12][55] and beside roadsides and paths.[9]

It is found between lowlands to uplands (at sub-alpine levels).[12][22]

Within Czech Republic, Germany and Poland, it is found on sandstone, in beech forests (mixture of Luzulo-Fagetum[56]) and pine-oak forests (with Vaccinio-Quercetum).[51] In Hungary, it is found in acacia forests.[31]

Conservation

Iris aphylla is considered rare and endangered in most countries,[9][22][26] it is listed on many red data books and plant lists in Europe,[12][18] from 1993 to 2001.[46] It is listed in the Red Book of Russia as 'vulnerable'.[5]

In Poland, it was put into statutory protection since 1946,[42] but was still listed as an endangered species in 2003.[18][35] It is listed as one of 45 species that are listed under the 'Red Data List of Endangered Vascular Plants' of Poland. Including green spleenwort (Asplenium viride), variegated horsetail (Equisetum variegatum), great sundew (Drosera anglica), marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris), common butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), small fleabane (Pulicaria vulgaris), yarrow broomrape (Orobanche purpurea), marsh felwort (Swetia perennis), fritillary (Fritilaria meleagris), and 20 other orchid species, including the lady's slipper (Cypripedium calceolus).[57]

In Slovenia, it has also been listed under the laws for nature protection.[58]

In Serbia, it has become extinct, with Aconitum toxicum, Crocus banaticus and Salvia nutans.[59]

In Russia, it is protected in the nature reserves of Moscow, Rostov and Saratov regions.[5] It is also listed as being found in Kursk reserve since 1968.[60]

In Czechoslovakia, it is found in the Bohemian Paradise reserve, with other endangered species including, Bohemian small pasque flower (Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. bohemica), the cornflower (Cyanus triumfettii), golden alyssum (Aurinia saxatilis), hoary rock rose (Helianthemum canum), Austrian dragonhead (Dracocephalum austriacum), St. Bernard's lily (Anthericum liliago), blue lettuce (Lactuca perennis) and others.[46]

In Romania, it is listed as a rare and vulnerable plant, which is protected with other species including, Adonis vernalis, Allium albidum subsp. albidum, Astragalus excapus subsp. transsylvanicus, Cephalaria radiata, Crambe tataria, Dictamnus albus, Jurinea mollis subsp. transsylvanica, Peucedanum tauricum, Pulsatilla grandis, Prunus tenella, Salvia nutans, Salvia transsylvanica and Stipa pulcherrima.[53] It is found in Târnava Mare River reserve, which has been protected due to overgrazing and scrub loss by aggressive trees and shrubs including black locust (Robinia pseudacacia).[61] Due to its endangered status, rapid propagation (via in-vitro culture) has been developed. So that re-population of sub-alpine areas could take place.[62]

Cultivation

It has a natural resistance to a cold winter,[12] and is hardy,[55] to between USDA Zone 3 and Zone 8.[20][26] Including Zone 5.[13][28] It has also been tested for hardiness in Russia, within the botanical gardens of Moscow, Stavropol, Chita and St Petersburg.[5]

It is not found in southern climates, as it does not like long hot and humid spells.[3]

It prefers to grow in well-drained soils,[13] but can tolerate loamy and heavy soils.[42] It can also tolerate soils with a ph level of between 6.1 and 6.5 (mildly acidic) to 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline),[20][42] and it can tolerate dry soils, but prefers average moisture levels.[42]

It prefers positions in full sun,[17]: 144 [20][42] and it can be grow in a mixed garden border,[25]: 40  or rock garden.[3][17]: 144  It is best planted between August and September, to produce flowers next year.[16]

It is susceptible to viruses,[4][17]: 39  and slugs.[9] Mononychus punctumalbum (Iris Weevil) can also attack the plant's seeds.[63] Aphid Dysaphis tulipae can also be found on the plant.[64]

It is only found in specialised nurseries,[26] botanical gardens,[5] and specimens can be found in 'The Bolestraszyce Arboretum', near Przemyśl in Poland.[65]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division,[13] or by seed growing. Seeds are best grown by collecting dry, mature seed capsules, and sowing the seeds.[20]

Hybrids and cultivars

It is thought that Iris germanica could be a hybrid form of Iris aphylla and Iris variegata.[16][25]: 18 

It is one of the origin species (with Iris pumila), for modern hybrids in the 'Border Bearded Irises' or 'Tall Bearded Irises' varieties,[14]: 124  due to its hardiness,[3][66] it also has narrow foliage which is normally luxuriant. This creates grassy, dense clumps of plants.[3] In the early 1990s, it was used in breeding programmes,[3] (with Iris balkana and Iris reichenbachii,[67]) including the breeding of 'Miniature Tall Bearded irises'.[17]: 39  Iris hybridisers also used Iris aphylla due to its 'tetraploid' status.[68]

The iris is easy to hybridize with other species of bearded iris.[55] There are many natural hybrids, especially in Romania.[6]

Iris aphylla has numerous cultivars,[25]: 120  including; 'Ahlburg', 'Aphylla Gigantea', 'Aphylla Hungary', 'Aphylla Osiris', 'Aphylla Polonica', 'Aphylla Slovakia, 'Aphylla Wine-Red', 'Austrian Violet', 'Babadagica', 'Benacensis', 'Biflora', 'Bifurcata', 'Bisflorens', 'Black Forest',[55] 'Bohemica', 'Bright Water', 'Bujoreanui', 'Chamaeiris Campbelli', 'Chloris', 'Coelstis', 'Dacia', 'Dacica', 'Fieberi', 'Furcata', 'Hungarica Minor', 'Ladies Of Peeling', 'Melzeri', 'Minnow',[3] 'Monantha', 'Nudicaulis', 'Nudicaulis Major', 'Nudicaulis Purpuerea', 'Ostry White', 'Prodan', 'Slick', 'Thisbe', 'Thisbe's Child', 'Transylvania Native', 'Wee Charmer', 'Werckmeister' and 'Yellow Conundrum'.[18]

Subspecies

Several variants or hybrids have been described as subspecies, some have been downgraded to synonyms.[18] Including Iris aphylla subsp. dacica (Beldie) Soó, Iris aphylla subsp. fieberi (Seidl) Dostál, Iris aphylla f. major (Zapal.) Soó, Iris aphylla subsp. nudicaulis (Lam.) O.Schwarz and Iris aphylla var. polonica Blocki ex Asch. & Graebn.[1]

Only Iris aphylla subs. hungarica is recognized by most authorities as a species.[69][70]

But Iris aphylla subsp. babadagica (Rzazade & Golneva) and Iris aphylla subsp. furcata (Bieb.)Bieb, are still questionable.[18]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[20][71]

Culture

In Hungary, Iris aphylla appears on the back of the 5 ft coin issued on 29 March 1993 and the 20 ft coin on 6 January 2012.[31][72]

References
  1. "Iris Iris aphylla L. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  2. Stolley, Gregor. "The genus Iris in Germany". offene-naturfuehrer.de. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  3. Kelly Norris A Guide to Bearded Irises: Cultivating the Rainbow for Beginners and Enthusiasts, p. 11, at Google Books
  4. "Iris aphylla". encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  5. "Bearded Irises – bright hits". botanic-life.com. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  6. Thomas Gaskell Tuti (Editor)Flora Europaea, Volume 5, p. 90, at Google Books
  7. British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 22, at Google Books
  8. Thomas Mawe and John Abercrombi The Universal Gardener and Botanist: or, a general Dictionary of Gardening of Botany. (1778), p. 515, at Google Books
  9. "Chapter I Rhizomatous Iris (part 1)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  10. Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris at Google Books
  11. Kelly Norris A Guide to Bearded Irises: Cultivating the Rainbow for Beginners and Enthusiasts, p. 266, at Google Books
  12. Violeta, Marinescu Maria; Teodorescu, A.; Anca, Şuţan Nicoleta (2013). "Preliminary results on the in vitro propagation by leaf explants and axillary buds of Iris aphylla L." Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology. 17 (1): 279–282. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  13. "Iris aphylla". alltomtradgard.se. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  14. Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-730-6.
  15. John Wilkes (Editor)Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature Volume 11, 1812, p. 374, at Google Books
  16. Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  17. Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-0539-3.
  18. Laurin, Terry (19 November 2014). "(SPEC) Iris aphylla L." wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  19. "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  20. "Species Iris, Aphylla Iris, Bohemian Iris, Stool Iris, Table Iris, Iris aphylla". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  21. Christopher Bricknell, ed. (1994) [1st. pub.=1989]. Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers 7th Edition (Revised ed.). Dorling Kindersley. p. 523. ISBN 978-0-7513-0147-2.
  22. Sebesova, Peter (4 May 2008). "Iris aphylla L. – iris beardless". botany.cz. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  23. Stephen Reynolds Clarke Hortus Anglicus: Or, The Modern English Garden: Containing a familiar description of all the plants which are cultivated in the climate of Great Britain, either for use or ornament, and of a selection from the established favourites of the stobe and greenhouse. Volume 1 (1822), p. 44, at Google Books
  24. Fitter, Richard; Fitter, Alastair (1974). The Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe (3rd ed.). London: Collins (published 1978). p. 272. ISBN 978-0-00-219069-5.
  25. Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
  26. Kramb, D. (26 December 2003). "Iris aphylla". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  27. Sydenham Edwards New Flora Britannica Illustrated with One Hundred and Thirty Three Plants, engraved by Sansom, from the Original pictures and coloured with the greatest exactness from Drawings by Sydenham Edwards Volume 2 (1812), p. 235, at Google Books
  28. Donald Wyman Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia, p. 575, at Google Books
  29. Philip Miller The Gardener and Botanist's Dictionary: Containing the Best and Newest methods of Cultivating and improving the Kitchen, Fruit and flower garden and nursery (1807) , p. 62, at Google Books
  30. Richard MorrisThe Botanist's Manual. A Catalogue of Hardy, Exotic, and Indigenous Plants arranged according to their respective months of flowering; and more particularly adapted to the service of those who cultivate their own gardens and pleasure grounds. (1824), p. 132, at Google Books
  31. "Bátorliget Pasture NCA". hnp.hu. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  32. John GraeferA Descriptive Catalogue of Upwards of Eleven Hundred Species and Varieties of Herbaceous or Perennial Plants (1789), p. 61, at Google Books
  33. Vít Bojnanský and Agáta Fargašová Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region, p. 811, at Google Books
  34. Wróblewska, Ada; Brzosko, Emilia; Czarnecka, Bożenna; Nowosielski, Jarosław (7 May 2003). "High levels of genetic diversity in populations of Iris aphylla L. (Iridaceae), an endangered species in Poland". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 142 (1): 65–72. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00162.x.
  35. Wroblewska, A. (2003). "Właściwości marginalnej populacji Iris aphylla (Iridaceae) w Biebrzańskim Parku Narodowym (NE Polska)" [Properties of marginal population of Iris aphylla (Iridaceae) in the Biebrza National Park (NE Poland)]. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica Polonica (in Polish). 10: 195–207. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  36. Wróblewska, Ada; Brzosko, Emilia (August 2006). "The genetic structure of the steppe plant Iris aphylla L. at the northern limit of its geographical range". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 152 (2): 245–255. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00568.x.
  37. Colasantea, M.; Mathew, B. (2008). "Species of natural hybrid origin and misinformation in the Irises: A reappraisal of the presence of I. aphylla L. in Italy". Plant Biosystems. 142 (1): 172–178. doi:10.1080/11263500701873026. S2CID 83779775.
  38. Wróblewska, Ada (May 2008). "From the center to the margins of geographical range: molecular history of steppe plant Iris aphylla L. in Europe". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 272 (1 (to 4)): 49–65. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0630-2. S2CID 38503272. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  39. Wróblewska, Ada; Brzosko, Emilia; Chudzińska, Ewa; Bordács, Sándor; Prokopiv, Andriy Ivanovych (2010). "Cytotype distribution and colonization history of the steppe plant Iris aphylla". Annales Botanici Fennici. 47 (1): 23–33. doi:10.5735/085.047.0103. S2CID 84202760.
  40. "Iris aphylla 9086". hlasek.com. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  41. "Iris aphylla". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  42. "Iris L. aphylla". atlas-roslin.pl. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  43. "Iris aphylla". botanical garden.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  44. "Garden Explorer". irisbg.com (Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo, Norway). Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  45. Elaine Nowick Historical Common Names of Great Plains Plants, Volume II: Scientific Names Index (2015), p. 221, at Google Books
  46. "Flora". ceskykras.ochranprirody.cz. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  47. D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 52, at Google Books
  48. Iridaceae Iris aphylla L. Vol. 1. ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  49. "Iris cuniculiformis". eol.org. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  50. "Iris aphylla". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  51. Härtel, Handrij; Sádlo, Jiří; Świerkosz, Krzysztof; Marková, Ivana (2007). "Phytogeography of the sandstone areas in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (Czech Republic/Germany/Poland)" (PDF). Academia: 177–189. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  52. "Iris aphylla". Red Book of Bulgaria, vol. I. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  53. Kovács, Attila J. (2008). "Xerothermic Plant Communities In The Eastern Part Of The Transylvanian Basin (Szeklerland, Romania)" (PDF). Kanitzia. 16: 147–210. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  54. Anca, Sârbu; Adrian, Oprea; Ion, Sârbu (2007). "Plants From The Habitat Directive – Annex IIb, Presents In Romania" (PDF). plant-journal.uaic.ro. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  55. "Iris leafless". vashsad.ua. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  56. "Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests". bfm.de. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  57. "The Biebrza National Park". visitbialystok.com. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  58. Dea Baričevič (Editor) Report of a Working Group on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: First Meeting 12–14 September 2002, Gozd Martuljek, Slovenia, p. 30, at Google Books
  59. Dea Baričevič (Editor) Report of a Working Group on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: First Meeting 12–14 September 2002, Gozd Martuljek, Slovenia, p. 134, at Google Books
  60. Heinrich Walter and Siegmar-W. Breckle Ecological Systems of the Geobiosphere: 3, Temperate and Polar Zonobiomes of Northern Eurasia, p. 163, at Google Books
  61. Šeffer, Jan (15 December 2013). "CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN" (PDF). fundatia-adept.org. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  62. Violeta, Marinescu Maria (2013). "Contributions to the Development of the Biotechnology of In vitro Propagation of Some Species of Spontaneous Flora" (PDF). usamv.ro. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  63. Śmigała, Magdalena; Winiarczyk, Krystyna; Dąbrowska, Agnieszka; Domaciuk, Marcin; Gancarz, Marek (March 2021). "Determination of the Influence of Mechanical Properties of Capsules and Seeds on the Susceptibility to Feeding of Mononychus pubctumalbum in Endangered Plant Species Iris aphylla L. and Iris sibirica L". Sensors. 21 (6): 2209. doi:10.3390/s21062209.
  64. R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs, p. 553, at Google Books
  65. Piórecki, Jerzy; Zarzycki, Kazimierz (2004). "Bolestraszyce Arboretum Guidebook". bolestraszyce.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  66. Donald Wyman Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia, p. 579, at Google Books
  67. "Median Irises". herbs2000.com. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  68. Lankow, George (March 2009). "From Species Irises to a Family of Bearded Irises". kcis.org. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  69. Marinescu, Violeta Maria; Alexiu, Valeriu. "Iris Aphylla L. Ssp. Hungarica Critically Endangered Taxon In Europa" (PDF). upit.ro. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  70. Bilz, Melanie; Kell, Shelagh P.; Maxted, Nigel; Lansdown, Richard V. (2011). "European Red List of Vascular Plants" (PDF). ec.europa.eu (Publications Office of the European Union). Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  71. David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books
  72. "Coins of the Hungarian forint". worldcoinsmax.com. Retrieved 26 August 2015.

Sources
  • Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn – ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
  • Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
  • Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
  • Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 22–23.
  • Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iris aphylla.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.