Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae

Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, it is a tall iris with sky blue or white flowers. It was originally described by Fomin, as a separate species before Brian Mathew in 1981, added it to Iris spuria as one of its many subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Species:
I. spuria
Subspecies:
I. s. subsp. carthaliniae
Trinomial name
Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae
Synonyms [1]
  • Chamaeiris carthaliniae (Fomin) M.B.Crespo
  • Chamaeiris violacea (Klatt) M.B.Crespo
  • Iris carthaliniae Fomin
  • Iris klattii Kem.-Nath.
  • Iris violacea Klatt (nom. illeg.)
  • Xyridion carthaliniae (Fomin) Rodion.
  • Xyridion violaceum Klatt

Description

It has a thick, creeping, horizontal, branched rhizome.[2][3][4] The creeping habit creates large clumps of plants.[5][6][7] It has linear, flat,[2] lanceolate, acuminate (ending in a point), leaves.[3][8][9] These can grow up to between 70–95 cm (28–37 in) long and 10–18 mm wide.[9][10][11] The leaves are generally either equal to the flowering stem or longer than it.[12][13][14]

It has a sightly compressed,[4] stem (or peduncle), that grows up to between 50–100 cm (20–39 in) long.[15][16][17] It has small, green, leathery ovate or lanceolate, spathes (leaves of the flower bud).[3][4][12] They have a white membranous edging.[3][4] The stems hold between 3–5 terminal (top of stem) flowers,[9][11][12] on unequal pedicels,[4] in summer,[14] between June and July,[2][4][8] or between May and June (in the US and Britain).[5][12]

The lightly fragranced flowers,[6] can be up to 7–9 cm (3–4 in) in diameter,[5][8] and come in shades of sky blue,[18][19][20] light blue,[6][8][9] or white.[17][19][20] It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[21] The long and narrow falls have a reflexed, elliptical, almost round blade, with a yellow central stripe or blaze,[3][4][11] which leads along the long thin claw (section closest to the stem).[4] They also have dark veining.[11][12][16] They are 5–7.5 cm (2–3 in) long.[3][6] The erect, upright standards, are slightly ruffled, oblanceolate and single coloured.[4][6][12] Over the falls, are the style branches, which are slightly shorter than the claw of falls.[3][4][12] They have a 2 lobed end (or notched end),[3][4] and a defined crest or ridge leading to the stem.[3] They have a cylindrical perianth tube (which about two-fifths the length of ovary),[4] light purple anthers and a cylindrical ovary with 6 ribs.[3]

After the iris has flowered, it produces an ovaloid (or ellipsoid), cylindrical,[4] seed capsule between late August and early September.[8] It is 2–3 times longer than wide,[8] it has a beak-like appendage.[4] Inside the capsule, are brown, semi-circular seeds, with wrinkled skins.[8]

Biochemistry

In 1999, a chemical compound study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris spuria subsp. carthalinae. It found several new compounds.[22] Iristectorigenin B 7-gentiobioside (also found in Juniperus macropoda) was found in the iris.[23] As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[24] It has a chromosome count: 2n=44.[15][17][25]

Taxonomy
Plant with stem, flower and leaves

It is written as 埃及种植鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as Ai Ji Zhong Zhi Yuan Wei in Pinyin Chinese, also known commonly as Egypt Planted Iris.[26]

The Latin specific epithet carthaliniae refers to a Carthalin (a former Russian province in the Caucasus).[27] This epithet has also been used for Paeonia carthalinica Ketsk. (which is now classified as a synonym of Paeonia tenuifolia L.[28]) It is also known as Iris Kartalinia in Russia,[10][29][30] or Iris Kartli (in Georgia).[31] Kartli refers to an historical region in central-to-eastern Georgia. It has also been known as blue iris.[32] This name is normally a common name for Iris spuria.

It was originally published and described by Aleksandr Vasiljevich Fomin as Iris carthaliniae in 'Vĕstnik Tiflisskago Botaniceskago Sada. Moniteur du Jardin Botanique de Tiflis' (Vĕstn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada) Vol.14 page44 in 1909.[11][33] The description was based on specimens collected in Georgia near the town of Mtskheta,[8][9] within the Caucasus Mountains near the city of Tbilisi.[25] Later, in 1981 Brian Mathew re-classified the species as a subspecies of Iris spuria, and published it as Iris spuria L. subsp. carthaliniae (Fomin) B.Mathew, in (his book The Iris on page 117 in 1981.[34][35]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 9 January 2003 and then updated on 1 March 2007.[36] Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae is a tentatively accepted name by the RHS.[37]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate regions of central Asia.[15][17][36]

Range

It has been found in the Caucasus region,[2][13][38] within (the former USSR state of) Georgia (or Gruzia),[18][36][38] Azerbaijan,[7][39] and Armenia.[7] It is found along the middle and upper Kura River and of its tributaries.[7][8] In 2003, it is noted that it has been found in Anatolia and the east Mediterranean area.[40]

Habitat

It grows in wet or moist sites,[4][38] in marshy or wet meadows,[7][8] woodland,[3] and beside the coastal parts of roads.[2] It is found on lowland or the middle mountain belt altitudes.[3][38]

Conservation

It is listed as one of the endangered plants in the Republic of Georgia.[38]

Cultivation

Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae is hardy to between USDA Zone 5 to Zone 9,[5] including New England.[6] It is hardy to Europe Zone H2.[14] It is also hardy in Leningrad, Russia, surviving the winter unprotected.[7][18] It can grow in ordinary, deep heavy loam in gardens, provided that it has plenty of moisture during the growing season.[12] It prefers positions in full sun.[5] It can be grown in flower beds and borders (with peonies and other herbaceous plants),[12] or along pond edges.[2][5] Like many other spuria irises, it can be grown in the same place for many decades without disturbance.[18] It is only found in specialised iris plant nurseries.[15] A specimen exists in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, France. It was collected on 15 May 1930 in the Shirvan steppe of Azerbaijan.[39] Type in Berlin.[4] In 2003, specimens are listed as being found in some botanic gardens and parks in Portugal.[40]

Hybrids and cultivars

Like Iris notha another Spuria species growing in the Caucasus, both are used by iris breeders.[7][9] A known cultivar is 'Georgian Delicacy'.[6]

References
  1. "Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae (Fomin) B.Mathew is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  2. "Beardless irises in the Volgograd regional botanical garden". volgarbs.ru. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  3. "Lat. Iris". agbina.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  4. Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV". Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  5. "Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae". missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  6. "2015 introductions" (PDF). jpwflowers.com (Joe Pye Weed’s Garden). Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  7. "Spuria iris". flowerlib.ru. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  8. "Subgenus Xyridion (Xyridion) – Wood-iris rhizome". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  9. "Tall irises Spurrier". click-art.ru. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  10. "Irises KSIRIDION (Spur) ( IRIS ) Sem. Kasatikovye". flower.onego.ru. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  11. Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
  12. British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 187, at Google Books
  13. "Bezkartáčkaté irises". zahradaweb.cz. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  14. James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 259, at Google Books
  15. Kramb, D. (5 October 2003). "Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  16. "Species: Iris spuria ssp carthaliniae". vesp.co. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  17. "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  18. Blazek, Milan. "Iris spuria and related species – the importance of culture". ibotky.cz. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  19. Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 61. ISBN 978-0715305393.
  20. "Chapter II iris clump and other (part3)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  21. Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0881927306. OL 8176432M.}
  22. Farag, Salwa F.; Backheet, Enaam Y.; El-Emary, Nasr A.; Niwa, Masatake (1 April 1999). "Isoflavonoids and flavone glycosides from rhizomes of Iris carthaliniae". Phytochemistry. 50 (8): 1407–1410. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00696-7.
  23. John Buckingham and V. Ranjit N. Munasinghe Dictionary of Flavonoids with CD-ROM, p. 639, at Google Books
  24. Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0881927306. OL 8176432M.
  25. "Bulletin Of The American Iris Society, No 169 April 1963". Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  26. Zhou, Jiaju; Guirong, Xie; Yan, Xinjian (26 August 2011). Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines – Molecular Structures, Pharmacological Activities, Natural Sources and Applications. London: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-16740-9.
  27. Eobald Toze The Present State of Europe:: Exhibiting a View of the Natural and Civil History of the several Countries and Kingdoms, Volume 3, p. 374, at Google Books
  28. "Paeonia carthalinica Ketsk. is a synonym of Paeonia tenuifolia L." theplantlist.org. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  29. "Iris carthaliniae Fomin". plantarium.ru. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  30. "Irises – Forum". tehnika.clan.su. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  31. "Iris Kartli". nplg.gov.ge. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  32. "Spuria Iris". pfplants.com. June 11, 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  33. "Iridaceae Iris carthaliniae Fomin". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  34. "Iridaceae Iris spuria L. subsp. carthaliniae (Fomin) B.Mathew". ipni.org. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  35. Franco, Alain (4 December 2013). "(SPEC) Iris spuria subspecies carthaliniae Mathew". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  36. "Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  37. "Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  38. "Iris carthalinica Fomin". mobot.org. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  39. "Iris carthaliniae (MNHN/P/P01847875)". lesherbonautes.mnhn.fr. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  40. Liberato, M.C.; Caixinhas, M.L.; Lousà, M.; Vasconcelos, T. (2003). "Mediterranean flora in some botanic gardens and parks in Portugal" (PDF). Bocconea. 16 (2): 1123–1130. Retrieved 28 February 2015.

Sources
  • Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). [as I. carthalinae Fomin].
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