Irving Bieber

Irving Bieber (/ˈbiːbər/; 1909–1991) was an American psychoanalyst, best known for his study Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals (1962), in which Bieber took the position that homosexuality is an acquired trait.[1]

Irving Bieber
Born1909
New York City, United States
Died1991 (aged 81–82)
New York City
Alma materNew York University Medical College
OccupationPsychoanalyst

Life and career

Irving Bieber was born in New York City and graduated from New York University Medical College in 1930. Bieber went on to work at Yale Medical College, New York University, and starting in 1953 at the New York Medical College, where he taught a course in psychoanalysis.[1] Bieber was, along with Lionel Ovesey and Charles Socarides, one of the most influential American psychoanalysts who postulated that gay men can be treated successfully.[2] Bieber's 1962 book Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals was a counter reaction to the 1948 Kinsey Report on male sexual behavior. It remained the leading study on homosexuality until homosexuality was removed from DSM-III in 1973.[3]

In 1970, Bieber attended a meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in San Francisco that was protested by members of the Gay Liberation Front. According to Socarides, Bieber, who felt he had "been working all these years to help these people", "took this very hard."[4] In 1973, the same year the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders, Bieber told an interviewer that "a homosexual is a person whose heterosexual function is crippled, like the legs of a polio victim."[1] When Alan P. Bell, Martin S. Weinberg, and Sue Kiefer Hammersmith's study Sexual Preference was published in 1981, Bieber declared that its findings were "totally disparate" with his experience from psychiatric consultation.[5]

Bieber arranged a partial translation into English of a paper by the Hungarian pediatrician S. Lindner, who had reported a systematic study of sucking. Sigmund Freud had used Lindner's observation that sensual sucking seems to absorb the attention completely and leads to either sleep or an orgasm-like response to develop his theory of infantile sexuality. Bieber pointed out what he saw as inaccuracies in Freud's use of this paper.[6]

Bieber died in Manhattan in 1991.[1]

Books

Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals

A review by Social Work called the study "an important book",[7] also stating that "...the authors present a very meaningful understanding of the underlying dynamics of this symptom and factors relevant to etiology".[8] In 1979 the study was actualized and republished. The authors stated that "reversal estimates now range from 30% to an optimistic 50%. A shift to heterosexuality does not mean that the potential for homosexual arousal has been totally extinguished, though in some cases this does occur."[9] They also concluded that homosexual adaptation is primarily related to "destructive family relationships and other deleterious interpersonal influences".[9]

The book has been criticized for examining homosexuals already in analytic treatment as opposed to non-patient heterosexuals.[10] It has been suggested that the study informed stereotypes later promulgated by the media.[3] For example, in 1964 Life magazine,[11] a general-interest and light entertainment magazine, featured an article on homosexuals and smothering mothers directly inspired by this study.[12] This however does not eliminate the question do some homosexuals develop a pathological mental state and how to differentiate them from the non-clinical cases.

Bibliography
  • Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals, 1962
  • Cognitive Psychoanalysis: Cognitive Processes in Psychopathology, 1980

See also

References
  1. "Irving Bieber, 80, a Psychoanalyst Who Studied Homosexuality, Dies". The New York Times. August 28, 1991. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  2. LeVay, Simon (1996). Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality. Cambridge: The MIT Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-262-12199-9.
  3. William J. Spurlin, 'Culture, Rhetoric, and Queer Identity', James Baldwin Now, ed. Dwight A. McBride, New York University Press, 1999, pages 107-108
  4. Socarides, Charles (1995). Homosexuality: A Freedom Too Far. Phoenix: Adam Margrave Books. p. 160. ISBN 0-9646642-5-9.
  5. Brody, Jane E. (23 August 1981). "KINSEY STUDY FINDS HOMOSEXUALS SHOW EARLY PREDISPOSITION". The New York Times.
  6. Macmillan, Malcolm (1997). Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc. Cambridge: The MIT Press. p. 311. ISBN 0-262-63171-7.
  7. Mech, Edmund V. (1962). "Social Work Research. Edited by Norman A. Polansky. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960. 306 pp. $5.00". Social Work. 7 (4): [120–121]. doi:10.1093/sw/7.1.120.
  8. Mech, Edmund V. (1962). "Social Work Research. Edited by Norman A. Polansky. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960. 306 pp. $5.00". Social Work. 7 (4): [120–121]. doi:10.1093/sw/7.1.120.
  9. Bieber, Irving M.D., Toby, Bieber Ph.D (1979). "Male Homosexuality". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 24 (5): 409–421. doi:10.1177/070674377902400507. PMID 487335. S2CID 42888514.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. Friedman, Richard C. (1988). Male Homosexuality: Contemporary Psychoanalytic Perspective. pp. 36–37. doi:10.1007/BF01541946. ISBN 0300047452. PMID 2064545. S2CID 39837355. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  11. Life, June 26, 1964, page 68
  12. Edelman, Lee (1994). Homographesis: essays in gay literary and cultural theory. New York, London: Routledge. p. 166. ISBN 0415902592.
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