Isaiah 22

Isaiah 22 is the twenty-second chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter contains a prophecy against "untimely rejoicing in Jerusalem"[1] and "a threefold prediction of Shebna's fall (Isaiah 22:25) and of Eliakim's elevation."

Isaiah 22
The Great Isaiah Scroll, the best preserved of the biblical scrolls found at Qumran from the second century BC, contains all the verses in this chapter.
BookBook of Isaiah
Hebrew Bible partNevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part5
CategoryLatter Prophets
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part23

Text

This text was originally written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 25 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[2]

Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (3rd century BC or later):[3]

  • 1QIsaa: complete[3]
  • 1QIsab: extant: verses 9, 11‑18, 20, 24‑25[3]
  • 4QIsaa (4Q55): extant: verses 13‑25[3]
  • 4QIsab (4Q56): extant: verses 24‑25[3]
  • 4QIsac (4Q57): extant: verses 10‑14[3]
  • 4QIsaf (4Q60): extant: verses 15‑22, 25[3]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[4]

Parashot

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.[5] Isaiah 22 is a part of the Prophecies about the Nations (Isaiah 13–23). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.

{S} 22:1-14 {P} 22:15-25 {P}

Structure

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges refers to verses 1-14 as "the inexpiable sin of Jerusalem". Isaiah alleges that they have sinned "beyond the possibility of pardon".[6]

Proclamation against Jerusalem (22:1–14)

Verse 1
The burden against the Valley of Vision.
What ails you now, that you have all gone up to the housetops,[7]
  • "Valley of Vision": Also referred to as the Valley of Hinnom,[8] from which the name Gehenna is derived.
  • "Burden" (Hebrew: מַשָּׂ֖א mashā): "oracle, prophecy";[9] the keyword in the superscriptions for a total of nine similar oracles; the others being: Isaiah 13:1; 15:1; 17:1; 19:1; 21:1, 11, 13; 23:1.[10]

Verse 8
He removed the protection of Judah.
You looked in that day to the armor of the House of the Forest;[11]
  • "The House of the Forest": or "The House of the Forest of Lebanon", was the name for one of the prestigious buildings established by King Solomon in Jerusalem, within his palace complex (1 Kings 7:2–5), which used a great amount of cedar wood from Lebanon for the "pillars, beams, and roofing material", thus looking like a "forest".[12]
He built the house of the forest of Lebanon; its length was 100 cubits and its width 50 cubits and its height 30 cubits, on four rows of cedar pillars with cedar beams on the pillars.[13]
Once it stored the royal armour in form of "300 shields of gold and vessels of gold" (1 Kings 10:17–21; 2 Chronicles 9:16).[12]

Judgments against Shebna (22:15–25)
That steward there ...

This expression points contemptuously to the position of the minister of the court. The Jerusalem Bible distinguishes two separate oracles against Shebna: verses 15-18 and, later, verses 19–23.

Verse 22
"The key of the house of David I will lay on his shoulder. Then he shall open, and no one shall shut. And he shall shut, and no one shall open."[14]
  • Cited in Revelation 3:7.[15]
  • "The key": may refer to a literal insignia worn by the chief administrator or symbolize the administrator’s authority to grant or exclude access to the king.[16]

Verse 25
"'In that day,' says the Lord of hosts, 'the peg that is fastened in the secure place will be removed and be cut down and fall, and the burden that was on it will be cut off; for the Lord has spoken.'"[17]
  • "The peg that is fastened in the secure place": or "the peg driven into a firm place", refers to Eliakim, who will also be removed from office in due course.[18]

See also

References
  1. Subheading in Jerusalem Bible to Isaiah 22:1-8
  2. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
  3. Dead sea scrolls - Isaiah
  4. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  5. As implemented in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.
  6. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Isaiah 22, accessed 8 April 2018
  7. Isaiah 22:1 NKJV
  8. Jerusalem Bible: Isaiah 22:1,5
  9. Note on Isaiah 22:1 in NKJV
  10. Childs 2001, p. 113.
  11. Isaiah 22:8 NKJV
  12. Butler, Trent C., editor, 'House of the Forest of Lebanon', Holman Bible Dictionary. Broadman & Holman, 1991. ISBN 978-1558190535
  13. 1Kings 7:2 NASB
  14. Isaiah 22:22 MEV
  15. Note on Revelation 3:7 in CJB
  16. Oswalt, J. N. "Isaiah", NICOT, 1:422; apud Note in Isaiah 22:22 in NET Bible
  17. Isaiah 22:25 NKJV
  18. Note [b] on Isaiah 22:25 in NET Bible

Sources

Jewish

Christian

Wikisource This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Forest". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.

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