Italian submarine Adua

The Adua-class submarines were essentially repeats of the preceding Perla class. They displaced 680 metric tons (670 long tons) surfaced and 844 metric tons (831 long tons) submerged. The submarines were 60.18 meters (197 ft 5 in) long, had a beam of 6.45 meters (21 ft 2 in) and a draft of 4.7 meters (15 ft 5 in).[1]

For surface running, the boats were powered by two 600-brake-horsepower (447 kW) diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 400-horsepower (298 kW) electric motor. They could reach 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) on the surface and 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h; 8.6 mph) underwater. On the surface, the Adua class had a range of 3,180 nautical miles (5,890 km; 3,660 mi) at 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph), submerged, they had a range of 74 nmi (137 km; 85 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph).[2]

The boats were armed with six internal 53.3 cm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes, four in the bow and two in the stern. They were also armed with one 100 mm (4 in) deck gun for combat on the surface. The light anti-aircraft armament consisted of one or two pairs of 13.2 mm (0.52 in) machine guns.[1]

Adua was built at the CRDA shipyard, in Monfalcone. She was laid down on 1 February 1936, launched on 13 September of the same year, and commissioned on 14 November 1936. After intense 1937 spring training in the waters of the Dodecanese, Greece and Libya, Adua was assigned to the 23rd Squadron based at Naples.[3] In 1939 she was transferred to Cagliari and became part of the 71st Squadron (VII Submarine Group).[4]

On June 10, 1940, at the time of Italy's entrance into World War II, Adua was already at sea, south of Sardinia (between Cape Teulada and the island of La Galite) under command of Giuseppe Roselli Lorenzini.[3] On June 13, she moved to an area between Ibiza and Mallorca and later to the Gulf of Lion fifteen miles east of Cape Creus. During night of June 17, 1940 Adua sighted a destroyer, but could not launch an attack. The following morning, she sighted a French convoy (five merchants and two escorts) on the Marseille – Toulon route. Not being able to approach because of the escort, she launched a single torpedo from 1,800 meters at a larger transport. However, there are no confirmations of any ships being damaged or sunk on this day at this time and this location.[3][4]

Shortly thereafter, captain Luigi Riccardi assumed command of the submarine.[3]

From October 22, 1940, to March 12, 1941, Adua served as the training vessel at the Pola Submarine School. During this span she carried out 46 training missions. Carlo Todaro and Mario Resio served as her commanders during this time. In mid-March 1941 Adua was transferred back to Taranto, and she was again put under command of captain Luigi Riccardi.[4]

From March to May 1941 Adua was deployed in the Gulf of Taranto, and also off the coast of Greece, carrying out three unsuccessful missions:

• In March, forty miles west of Lefkada, then in the Gulf of Taranto;
• In April, south of Cape Krio and in Kythira Strait;
• In May, between Alexandria and Kasos Strait at first, then south of Crete.

On May 10, 1941, she was transferred to Leros.[4]

At 01:30 on June 3, 1941, she intercepted a small motor barge carrying gasoline and 72 British troops on board, including 8 officers, attempting to reach Egyptian coast. Adua took officers prisoner, and escorted the vessel to Crete, where other soldiers were taken prisoners.[3][4]

On June 4, 1941, she headed back to Taranto where the submarine underwent a three-month long maintenance at the Arsenal of Taranto.

In the middle of September Adua operated near Menorca returning to Cagliari on September 16.

On September 23, 1941, the submarine left Cagliari to set an ambush on the route of the British convoy to Malta (Operation Halberd) together with three other submarines.[3] On September 26 Adua was near Cape Palos, north of Spanish city of Cartagena. The British convoy went undetected and reached Malta. The submarines, including Adua spotted and attacked British ships on their return. On September 30, 1941, at 3:50 Adua detected a group of eleven English destroyers, and attacked them with a four-torpedo salvo, but missed them and then moved north. Shortly after at 5:25, Adua sent a radio transmission to the headquarters informing them of British convoy position.[5][3] She was never heard from again.

After the war, it was discovered that the submarine had been traced by two destroyers, HMS Gurkha and HMS Legion (perhaps it was the radio communication with the base that allowed British ships to locate her).[3] After having detected Adua with ASDIC, they started depth charge attacks, and at 10:30 hit and sank Adua with all hands in the position 37°10′N 00°56′E or 36°50′N 00°56′E.[4]

• Bagnasco, Erminio (1977). Submarines of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-962-6.
• Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
• Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
• Giorgerini, Giorgio (2002). Uomini sul fondo. Storia del sommergibilismo italiano dalle origini ad oggi (Second ed.). Mondadori. ISBN 8804505370.