Iwi

Iwi (Māori pronunciation: [ˈiwi]) are the largest social units in New Zealand Māori society. In Māori iwi roughly means "people" or "nation",[1][2] and is often translated as "tribe",[3] or "a confederation of tribes". The word is both singular and plural in the Māori language, and is typically pluralised as such in English.

This article is about the Māori social unit. For other uses, see Iwi (disambiguation).

Iwi groups trace their ancestry to the original Polynesian migrants who, according to tradition, arrived from Hawaiki. Some iwi cluster into larger groupings that are based on whakapapa (genealogical tradition) and known as waka (literally "canoes", with reference to the original migration voyages). These super-groupings generally serve symbolic rather than practical functions. In pre-European times, most Māori were allied to relatively small groups in the form of hapū ("sub-tribes")[4] and whānau ("family").[5] Each iwi contains a number of hapū; among the hapū of the Ngāti Whātua iwi, for example, are Te Uri-o-Hau, Te Roroa, Te Taoū, and Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei. Māori use the word rohe to describe the territory or boundaries of iwi.[6]

In modern-day New Zealand, iwi can exercise significant political power in the management of land and of other assets. For example, the 1997 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu, compensated that iwi for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840. As of 2019 the tribe has collective assets under management of $1.85 billion.[7] Iwi affairs can have a real impact on New Zealand politics and society. A 2004 attempt by some iwi to test in court their ownership of the seabed and foreshore areas polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy).

Naming

In Māori and in many other Polynesian languages, iwi literally means "bone"[8] derived from Proto-Oceanic *suRi₁ meaning "thorn, splinter, fish bone".[9] Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to the bones" — literally to the burial-areas of the ancestors. Māori author Keri Hulme's novel The Bone People (1985) has a title linked directly to the dual meaning of bone and "tribal people".

Many iwi names begin with Ngāti or with Ngāi (from ngā āti and ngā ai respectively, both meaning roughly "the offspring of"). Ngāti has become a productive morpheme in New Zealand English to refer to groups of people: examples are Ngāti Pākehā (Pākehā as a group), Ngāti Poneke (Māori who have migrated to the Wellington region), and Ngāti Rānana (Māori living in London). Ngāti Tūmatauenga ("Tribe of Tūmatauenga", the god of war) is the official Māori-language name of the New Zealand Army, and Ngā Opango ("Black Tribe") is a Māori-language name for the All Blacks.

In the southern dialect of Māori, Ngāti and Ngāi become Kāti and Kāi, terms found in such iwi as Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu (also known as Ngai Tahu).

Structure

Each iwi has a generally recognised territory (rohe), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely.[10] This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty claims. The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of claims relating to commercial fisheries.

Self-determination

Iwi can become a prospective vehicle for ideas and ideals of self-determination and/or tino rangatiratanga. Thus does the Māori Party mention in the preamble of its constitution "the dreams and aspirations of tangata whenua to achieve self-determination for whānau, hapū and iwi within their own land".[11] Some Tūhoe envisage self-determination in specifically iwi-oriented terms.[12]

Iwi identity

Increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to a situation where a significant percentage do not identify with any particular iwi. The following extract from a 2000 High Court of New Zealand judgment discussing the process of settling fishing rights illustrates some of the issues:

... 81 per cent of Maori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 per cent live outside the traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Maori reject tribal affiliation because of a working-class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi, a particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links.[13]

In the 2006 census, 16 per cent of the 643,977 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not know their iwi. Another 11 per cent did not state their iwi, or stated only a general geographic region, or merely gave a waka name.[14] Initiatives like the Iwi Helpline are trying to make it easier for people to identify their iwi,[15] and the proportion who "don't know" dropped relative to previous censuses.[14]

Pan-tribalism

Some established pan-tribal organisations may exert influence across iwi divisions. The Rātana Church, for example, operates across iwi divisions, and the Māori King Movement, though principally congregated around Waikato/Tainui, aims to transcend some iwi functions in a wider grouping.

Major iwi
Main article: List of iwi

Largest iwi by population
  1. Ngāpuhi – 165,301 (in 2018) – based in the Northland Region
  2. Ngāti Porou – 92,349 (in 2018) – based in Gisborne Region and East Cape
  3. Waikato Tainui - 84,030 (in 2018)[16] – based in the Waikato Region
  4. Ngāti Kahungungu - 82,239 (in 2018) based on the East Coast of the North Island.
  5. Ngāi Tahu/ Kāi Tahu - 74,082[16](in 2018) based in the South Island.
  6. Te Arawa – 60,719 (in 2018) – based in the Bay of Plenty Region
  7. Ngāti Tūwharetoa – 47,930 (in 2018) – based in the central North Island.
  8. Ngāi Tūhoe – 46,479 (in 2018)[16] – based in Te Urewera and Whakatane
  9. Ngāti Maniapoto – 45,719 (in 2018) – based in Waikato and Waitomo

Other iwi by population
  1. No affiliation – 110,928 (in 2013) – includes New-Zealand-based Māori with no iwi affiliation
  2. Te Hiku, or Muriwhenua – 33,711 (in 2013) – group of iwi and hapū in the Northland region
  3. Ngāti Raukawa – 29,442 (in 2013) – group of iwi and hapū in the Waikato region, Taupō and Manawatū
  4. Te Atiawa – 23,094 (in 2013) – group of iwi and hapū in Taranaki and Wellington
  5. Hauraki Māori – 14,313 (in 2013) – group of iwi and hapū at or around the Hauraki Gulf

Other notable iwi

Iwi radio
Main article: Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori

Many iwi operate or are affiliated with media organisations. Most of these belong to Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori (the National Māori Radio Network), a group of radio stations which receive contestable Government funding from Te Māngai Pāho (the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency) to operate on behalf of iwi and hapū. Under their funding agreement, the stations must produce programmes in the local Māori language and actively promote local Māori culture.[17]

A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people published in 2003 indicated 50 per cent of Māori in National Māori Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station.[18] An Auckland University of Technology study in 2009 suggested the audience of iwi radio stations would increase as the growing New Zealand Māori population tried to keep a connection to their culture, family history, spirituality, community, language and iwi.[19]

The Victoria University of Wellington Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student-radio station Radio Active in 1983.[20] Twenty-one iwi radio stations were set up between 1989 and 1994, receiving Government funding in accordance with a Treaty of Waitangi claim.[21] This group of radio stations formed various networks, becoming Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori.[22]

Notes
  1. Ballara 1998, Back cover.
  2. See also: Durie, A. (1999). Emancipatory Māori education: Speaking from the heart. In S. May (Ed.), Indigenous community education (pp. 67–78). Philadelphia, PA: Multilingual Matters.
    - See also: Healey, S. M. (2006). The nature of the relationship of the Crown in New Zealand with iwi Māori. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
    - See also: Sharp, A. (1999). What if value and rights lie foundationally in groups? The Maori case. Critical Review of International, Social and Political Philosophy, 2(2), 1–28.
  3. Taylor, R. (1848). A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand, or, A vocabulary of its different productions, &c., &c., with their native names.
    - White, J. (1887). The ancient history of the Maori, his mythology and traditions.
    - Smith, S. P. (1910). Maori wars of the nineteenth century; the struggle of the northern against the southern Maori tribes prior to the colonisation of New Zealand in 1840.
    - Best, E. (1934). The Maori as he was: A brief account of Maori life as it was in pre-European days.
    - Buck, P. (1949). The coming of the Maori.
  4. Ballara 1998, p. 17.
  5. Ballara 1998, p. 164.
  6. "Glossary of Māori terms". Te Kete Ipurangi – New Zealand Government. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  7. "2019 Annual Report". Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  8. "Iwi: glossary definition". National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  9. Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*suRi₁: thorn, splinter, fish bone". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  10. "Waitangi Tribunal – About the Reports". Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2006-06-04.
  11. "The Rules of the Maori Party". The Māori Party. Retrieved 2008-09-07. The Maori Party is born of the dreams and aspirations of tangata whenua to achieve self-determination for whānau, hapū and iwi within their own land; to speak with a strong, independent and united voice; and to live according to kaupapa handed down by our ancestors. The vision for the Maori Party will be based on these aspirations [...]
  12. Tahana, Yvonne (2008-08-09). "Tuhoe leader backs self rule". The New Zealand Herald. Auckland: APN. Retrieved 2008-09-07. Calls from Maori activist Tame Iti for self-government arrangements for the Tuhoe tribe similar to those Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have in the UK have been backed by a leader likely to negotiate the tribe's Treaty settlement. ... While other iwi have focused on economic transfer of assets as a way of achieving tino rangatiratanga or self-determination, Tuhoe have spelled out their intention to negotiate constitutional issues.
  13. "Thompson - vs - Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission". Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
  14. Table 30, QuickStats About Māori, 2006 Census. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.
  15. "Iwi Helpline" (PDF). teohu.maori.nz. Te Ohu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  16. "Demographics". Te Whata. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
  17. "Iwi Radio Coverage" (PDF). maorimedia.co.nz. Māori Media Network. 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  18. "The hidden success of Māori radio". Massey University. 1 August 2003. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  19. Robie, David (1 May 2009). "Diversity reportage in Aotearoa: demographics and the rise of the ethnic media" (PDF). Pacific Journalism Review. Auckland. 15 (1): 67–91. doi:10.24135/pjr.v15i1.965. hdl:10292/2313. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  20. Walker, Piripi (22 October 2014). "First iwi radio station". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  21. Smith, Cherryl Waerea-I-Te Rangi Smith (1994). Kimihia Te Maramatanga: Colonisation and Iwi Development (PDF). Auckland: University of Auckland. pp. 119–141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  22. "Maori Radio Upgrade Project". avc-group.eu. AVC Group. Retrieved 19 September 2015.

References
  • Ballara, Angela (1998). Iwi: The dynamics of Māori tribal organisation from c.1769 to c.1945. Wellington: Victoria University Press.
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