Jean-Baptiste du Casse

Jean-Baptiste du Casse (2 August 1646 – 25 June 1715) was a French naval officer, privateer, slave trader and colonial administrator who served as the first governor of Saint-Domingue from 1691 to 1700. Born on 2 August 1646 in Saubusse, France to a Huguenot family, du Casse enlisted in the French merchant navy before joining the French East India Company and the Compagnie du Sénégal. He subsequently enlisted in the French Navy and took part in several victorious expeditions during the Nine Years' War in the West Indies and South America.

Jean-Baptiste du Casse
Governor of Saint-Domingue
In office
1 October 1691 – July 1700
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byJoseph d'Honon de Gallifet
Personal details
Born(1646-08-02)2 August 1646
Saubusse or Pau (France)
Died25 June 1715(1715-06-25) (aged 68)
Bourbon-l'Archambault (Auvergne, France)
SpouseMarthe (de) Baudry (1661-1743)
RelationsMarthe du Casse (daughter)
Jean-Baptiste de La Rochefoucauld de Roye (grandson)
AwardsOrder of the Golden Fleece
Commander of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis
Military service
AllegianceRoyal Standard of the King of France France
Branch/serviceNaval Ensign of the Kingdom of France French Navy
Years of service1686-1714
RankLieutenant General (Vice Admiral)
Battles/warsWar of the League of Augsburg
War of the Spanish Succession

During the War of the Spanish Succession, he participated in several major military engagements, including the Battle of Málaga and the siege of Barcelona. For his service, du Casse was made a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece by King Philip V of Spain. In the midst of these wars, he served as governor of the French colony of Saint-Domingue from 1691 to 1700. Du Casse ended his military career at the rank of lieutenant general of the French Navy and commander of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis. He died on 25 June 1715 in Bourbon-l'Archambault, Auvergne.

Origins and Family

As fixed spellings of surnames was not yet common practice in his time, du Casse's surname has a variety of different spellings. The spelling of du Casse is from his birth record, but other records show Ducasse, Ducas, and Du Casse. His grand-nephew, Robert, who wrote a biography of Jean-Baptiste in 1876, spells both his great-uncle's and his own as du Casse.[1]

Uncertainty exists around the birth of du Casse. Though he is usually said to have been born on 2 August 1646 in Saubusse, near Dax (Landes), the son of Bertrand Ducasse, a Bayonne ham merchant, and Marguerite de Lavigne,[2] he was actually born in Pau to Jacques Ducasse and Judith Remy. His father Jacques was the son of Gaillard Ducasse, a minister in the Reformed Church of France, which designated the family as Huguenots. Because Huguenots were persecuted at this time in France, and their career prospects were limited, it is thought that du Casse forged his baptismal record to hide his Huguenot and ignoble background. Early biographers, including his grand-nephew and Saint-Simon, perpetuated this error in their works.[3]

Du Casse admitted his family's religious background in a letter to Naval Minister Pontchartrain in 1691,[4] and local records from Pau also support the Huguenot origins of the du Casse family.[5] He renounced his Calvinist faith in 1685, however, after Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes via the Edict of Fontainebleau.

He married Marthe (de) Baudry (1661-1743) on 16 Mar 1686 in Dieppe. She came from a family closely tied to banking and colonial trade. They had one daughter, Marthe du Casse, who married Louis de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Roye (1672-1751). Her father offered a dowry of 1,200,000 livres, an incredible sum at the time. Marthe and Louis had a son, Jean-Baptiste de La Rochefoucauld de Roye, who became a naval officer and led the ill-fated Duc d'Anville Expedition.[6]

Career

Africa and the Slave Trade

He went into the slave trade with the Compagnie de Sénégal, sailing between Africa and the Caribbean. With the money he earned from the slave trade he bought a ship in Saint-Domingue and began a career as a privateer. He eventually sailed to France and offered half of his loot to the Crown; for this he was appointed Lieutenant in the French Navy by Louis XIV.

War of the League of Augsburg

In 1687 he tried to conquer Elmina, and in June 1689 he attacked Berbice and Fort Zeelandia in Surinam.[7] He attacked St. Christopher shortly afterward alongside Jean Fantin, during which Fantin's handful of English crew (led by William Kidd and Robert Culliford) mutinied and stole Fantin's ship.[8]

In 1691, he was appointed governor of St Domingue, and gained the respect of the buccaneers of the island. In the following months he plundered the English colonies in the vicinity, including Port Royal which had just been struck by a devastating earthquake.[9] In 1694, his forces were defeated at Carlisle Bay, and he withdrew to St Domingue.[10]

In 1697, under Baron de Pointis he successfully raided the South American city of Cartagena de Indias, but did not receive the promised 1/5 share of the loot. He then sailed to France, to claim his share from King Louis XIV in person. In fact he and his men received a compensation of 1.4 Million Francs. Furthermore, he was promoted to admiral and made a knight in the order of Saint Louis.

War of the Spanish Succession

In later years he performed and committed a number of notable acts. In 1702, he defeated John Benbow near Santa Marta in what is known as the action of August 1702. Two years later he fought in the vanguard on the Intrépide during the Battle of Vélez-Málaga. In 1708, while in Spanish service, he commanded the Spanish treasure fleet during its annual voyage, suffering very few losses (a rarity at the time). For this he was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece, the highest Spanish award possible.

In 1714 he commanded the French fleet during the Siege of Barcelona.

Governorship of Saint-Domingue

He was governor of Saint-Domingue from 1691 to 1703.

He died on 25 June 1715 in the town of Bourbon-l'Archambault.

In the video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, Du Casse's nephew serves as one of the antagonists and the first boss. In the game, his name is Julien, and is 33 at his time of death in 1715, coincidentally the same year his uncle died as well. This character took to sea at a young age and fought alongside his real life uncle in the War for Spanish Succession, before deserting in favor of a brief tenure as a slave trader and subsequently as a mercenary prior to the game's start. He was one of the Templars in the game, while he was accompanied by Woodes Rogers and Laureano de Torres y Ayala.

See also

Notes
  1. du Casse, Robert Emmanuel Léon (1876). L'Amiral du Casse, Chevalier de la Toison d'Or. Paris: Berger-Levrault et Cie. p. 10.
  2. du Casse, Robert Emmanuel Léon (1876). L'Amiral du Casse, Chevalier de la Toison d'Or. Paris: Berger-Levrault et Cie. p. 12.
  3. Taillemite, Étienne (2002). Dictionnaire des marins français. Paris: Tallandier. ISBN 2-84734-008-4.
  4. Lettre du 7 juillet 1691, envoyée de la Martinique. Archives Nationales 9A2
  5. Le Blant, R. "?". Revue historique et archéologique du Béarn et du Pays basque.
  6. du Casse. L'Amiral du Casse. p. 419.
  7. "12. The Beginning of the Colony of Berbice".
  8. Zacks, Richard (2003). The Pirate Hunter: The True Story of Captain Kidd. New York: Hachette Books. ISBN 9781401398187. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  9. The transatlantic slave trade, p. 92; by James A. Rawley, Stephen D. Behrendt
  10. C.V. Black, History of Jamaica (London: Collins, 1975), pp. 74-5.
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