Jefferson School (Charlottesville, Virginia)

The Jefferson School is a historic building in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was built to serve as a segregated high school for African-American students. The school, located on Commerce Street in the downtown Starr Hill neighborhood, was built in four sections starting in 1926, with additions made in 1938–39, 1958, and 1959. It is a large two-story brick building, and the 1938–1939, two-story, rear addition, was partially funded by the Public Works Administration (PWA).[3]

Jefferson School, Carver Recreation Center, and School Site
Jefferson School (Charlottesville, Virginia) is located in Virginia
Jefferson School (Charlottesville, Virginia)
Jefferson School (Charlottesville, Virginia) is located in the United States
Jefferson School (Charlottesville, Virginia)
Location233 Fourth St., NW, Charlottesville, Virginia
Coordinates38.0321°N 78.4870°W / 38.0321; -78.4870
Area4 acres (1.6 ha)
Built1926 (1926), 1938-39, 1958, 1959
ArchitectCalrow, Browne, and Fitz-Gibbons
NRHP reference No.06000050[1]
VLR No.104-5087
Significant dates
Added to NRHPFebruary 15, 2006
Designated VLRDecember 7, 2005[2]

This building operated from 1926 to 1951 as Charlottesville's first high school for Black students. In 1951, it became an elementary school for Black students. In 1958, Jefferson School students sought application to local white-only schools, sparking the city government to join the statewide massive resistance movement against school integration. After serving many uses over the following decades, it reopened in 2013[4] as the Jefferson School City Center, a multi-use facility that houses the Jefferson School African American Heritage Center, the Carver Recreation Center, and local community organizations.[5]

High School (1926-1951)

The school was opened in 1926 after community members petitioned the Charlottesville City Council to create a high school for Black students.[6] Before that time, Black students attended the Jefferson Colored/Graded Elementary School[7] which ran only through the eighth grade.[8] It was one of six accredited high schools for Black students in Virginia at the time.[7] During the 1937–1938 academic year, sixty-eight children entered Jefferson High School as freshman.[9] By the end of their freshman year the class had lost fourteen students.[9] Some of them failed, others dropped out and one was married.[9] At the beginning of their fourth year, academic year 1940–1941, forty students returned to complete their final year.[9] In 1943, there were fourteen teachers, of whom five were male, led by principal Owen J. Duncan, Jr., and 54 graduating seniors, 55 juniors, 56 sophomores, and 63 freshmen.[10] During the 1950–1951 academic year, there were 335 students enrolled from grades 7 to 11.[11]

Clubs and activities

Before the school closed in 1951, the school had a boys basketball team, girls basketball team, and a boys football team.[11] Student activities included French Club, Dramatics Club, School Band, Science Club[12] and Glee Club.[11] In the 1944–45 school year, the Dramatics Club was the largest extracurricular activity at Jefferson High School, with 114 student members.[13] The school newspaper was called The Jeffersonian and included editorial staff, sportswriters, features writers, and advertising and circulation managers by 1941.[14] In 1945, all of the high school's senior class officers were women for the first time in the school's history.[15] Prominent alumni include football player Rosey Brown.

In 1941 the Jefferson High School Music Department consisted a school band and three organized groups: The Girls' Glee Club; The Singing Privateers, an all-male chorus; and a Mixed Chorus of sixty voices, representing a combination of the two former groups.[9] The Jefferson High School Band performed for various churches, schools, and clubs. In May 1941 they performed at the Paramount Theater.[9] By 1945 the High School Band was accompanying the school football team to perform at games in Richmond.[16]

In 1951, Burley High School opened in the nearby Rose Hill neighborhood to accommodate students from Jefferson and other area Black high schools.

Yearbooks and annuals

The Jefferson High School yearbook was named the Crimson and Black, and had a staff of eighteen by the 1944–1945 academic year.[17]

The 1944 yearbook was dedicated to "...The boys of the Jefferson High School who have willingly answered the call of our country and who are serving in the armed forces to bring to our land once more a lasting peace."

Library

In 1934, a library opened at the Jefferson School for the use of both students and the general public. The project was initiated by the Charlottesville City Council so that the Black community would have access to a library.[18]

Elementary School (1951-

The school served Black students through the eighth grade beginning in 1951. In 1958, the NAACP filed a lawsuit on behalf of Jefferson School students who sought the opportunity to transfer to nearby white-only schools.

Integrated Middle and Junior High School (1965-1967)

In 1965-1966, Jefferson School housed Charlottesville's 7th-8th-9th grade students. The City School Board had planned to open 2 junior high schools in September, 1965, but because of construction delays, those schools were not ready. So students of the new Walker Junior High School went to Jefferson in the morning, and students of the new Buford Junior High School went to Jefferson in the afternoon. The following school year -- 1966-1967 -- Walker and Buford opened, and Jefferson housed all Charlottesville sixth graders, in an attempt, spurred by the NAACP and local organizations, to facilitate the thorough integration of Charlottesville's schools. [19]

Historic status

In 2005, the building was proposed to be added to the National Register of Historic Places, and it received that designation in 2006.[6] Two historical markers in Charlottesville commemorate "The Triumph of the Charlottesville Twelve," three students who integrated Lane High School and nine Jefferson School students who integrated Venable Elementary School, on September 8, 1958, prompting the closures of those schools a few days later.[20]

References
  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  3. Maral S. Kalbian and Margaret T. Peters (August 2005). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Jefferson School, Carver Recreation Center, and School Site" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-08-19. and Accompanying four photos Archived 2018-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
  4. "Former Jefferson School transformed, renewed". The Daily Progress. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
  5. "Jefferson City Center: Soul of the City". jeffersonschoolcitycenter.org. Archived from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
  6. "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form" (PDF). 29 December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  7. "Jefferson School | African American Historic Sites Database". African American Historic Sites Database. Archived from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
  8. "Jefferson School History". Piedmont Virginia Community College. 2014-01-24. Archived from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
  9. "Cherished Thoughts 1941 Jefferson High School Yearbook". Jefferson High School Yearbook (1941). 1941.
  10. The Crimson and Black. Charlottesville, Virginia: Jefferson School. 1943. pp. n.p.
  11. Alston, E.B. (19 May 1951). "A Bird's-eye View of Jefferson High School". Charlottesville Tribune.
  12. Crimson and Black. Charlottesville, VA: Jefferson High School. 1945. pp. 71–73.
  13. Crimson and Black. Charlottesville, VA: Jefferson High School. 1945. pp. 56–57.
  14. Student Handbook. Charlottesville, VA: Jefferson High School. 1941. p. 19.
  15. Crimson and Black. Jefferson High School. 1945. p. 17.
  16. "Crimson and Black 1945 Jefferson High School Yearbook". Jefferson High School Yearbook (1945). 1945.
  17. Crimson and Black. Charlottesville, VA: Jefferson High School. 1945. p. 6.
  18. "The Second Step". The Reflector. Charlottesville, VA. 23 June 1934.
  19. "Department of Historic Resources article on Jefferson School".
  20. "The Charlottesville 12 -- Events to honor 1st integrated students". The Daily Progress. Archived from the original on 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
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