Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes

The Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes is a World Heritage Site in South Korea.[1] It was inscribed as one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2007 because of the Geomunoreum Lava Tube System and the exhibition of diverse and accessible volcanic features which are considered to demonstrate a distinctive and valuable contribution to the understanding of global volcanism.[2]

Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Millennium Lake in Yongcheon Cave (2009)
LocationJeju Island, South Korea
Includes
Reference1264
Inscription2007 (31st Session)
Area9,475.2 ha (23,414 acres)
Buffer zone9,370.8 ha (23,156 acres)
Coordinates33°28′8″N 126°43′13″E
Korean name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationJejudo jayeonyusanjigu
McCune–ReischauerChejudo chayŏnyusanjigu
Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes is located in South Korea
Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes
Location of Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes in South Korea

Jeju, also known as Jejudo, is a volcanic island, 130 kilometers from the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. The largest island and smallest province in South Korea, the island has a surface area of 1,846 square kilometers.[3]

Formations

A central feature of Jeju is Hallasan, the tallest mountain in South Korea and a dormant volcano, which rises 1,950 meters above sea level. The main volcano includes 360 satellite volcanoes. Volcanic activity on Jeju began approximately in the Cretaceous and lasted until the early Tertiary period. The most recent eruptions are estimated to be about 5,000 years ago, which puts the volcano into the active classification, meaning eruptions in the last 10,000 years.[4][5] The designation as active is not agreed by all, as more monitoring and study are needed to better understand the volcano.[5] The island is covered in volcanic rock and volcanic soil produced by Hallasan (Hangul: 한라산). Baengnokdam (Hangul: 백록담), the crater, and lake in it are located at the peak of Hallasan, which was formed over 25,000 years ago.

Jeju is scientifically valuable for its extensive system of lava tubes (also known as lateral volcanoes or in Korean as Oreum). These natural conduits through which magma once flowed are now empty caves that are some of the largest in the world. The caves provide opportunities for scientific research and are also popular tourist destinations.

Off the shores of the city of Seogwipo are a vast belt of pillar-shaped rocks that are examples of the natural beauty of Jeju. Shellfish and animal fossils discovered in this area are also very valuable as scientific resources. Beom Island (Beomseom 범섬, sometimes still misspelled Pomsom) and Mun Island (Munseom 문섬, sometimes spelled Munsom), also off the city seacoast, are also well preserved and scenic areas.

The variety of animal and plant species on Jeju is also an important reason for its value as a natural reserve. Half of all Korean vascular plants grow naturally on the island while another 200 species of plants indigenous to Korea have been transported here. However, half of these species face extinction. The polar plants which came from the south during a glacial period and inhabit the peak of Jeju is one example. Other plants in the subtropical forest and lower regions of the island are also endangered.

Mt. Halla National Park
Main article: Hallasan National Park

Hallasan is located in the central part of the island. Since 1966, any area 800 meters above sea level has been designated as a nature reserve. The park is mostly unspoilt nature with hiking paths and park managerial facilities being the only man-made modifications in the area.

The flora at the Mt. Halla National Park is unique. 1,565 vascular plant species have been recorded in the area thus far and is the highest number of plants in any mountain, 33 which are endemic to the island. Unlike most other Korean mountain environments, Hallsan has a unique vertical distribution of plants in three different zones: the subtropic, temperate, and frigid zones.

Over 17 mammals, 198 types of birds, 8 types of amphibians, 8 types of reptiles, and 947 insect species have been catalogued in the nature reserve. Endangered species include the Capreolus capreolus pygargus and Felis bengalensis manchuria, and a resident population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins and finless porpoises.[6] Historically, the island and adjacent waters had been migration colliders and resting areas for large whales such as western gray whales, North Pacific right whales,[7] humpback whales, blue whales and fin whales.[8] Now possibly extinct Japanese sea lions might have colonized on the island as well. Some pinnipeds still occur occasionally. Since the island was last connected to the Korean Peninsula 10,000 years ago, animals endemic to the island appeared at that time and this separation from the mainland is also of biological significance.

A famous part of the Mt. Halla Nature Reserve is the Pillemot Cave, a site dating to the Paleolithic period. The caves are significant because of the archaeological remains found there. Archaeological evidence from the cave suggests that people have occupied the island since the Paleolithic period.

See also

References
  1. "Natural sites in Madagascar, China and Korea inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List". Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  2. "Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  3. "Geography". Archived from the original on 2006-05-10. Retrieved 2006-07-29. Geography of Jeju
  4. "About Global Volcanism Program". Smithsonian Institution. 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  5. Park, Yea Eun (September 25, 2014). "'There could be volcanic activity, but we don't know': Jeju younger than previously thought, highlights dearth of knowledge about Mt. Hallasan". The Jeju Weekly. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  6. 황주찬 (2014). "낚시꾼들에겐 찬밥이지만 '귀하신' 몸입니다". Retrieved 2015-01-11.
  7. "Recovery Strategy for the North Pacific Right Whale in Pacific Canadian Waters". Species at Risk Public Registry. 2011-04-27.
  8. Smith, Tim D.; Reeves, Randall R.; Josephson, Elizabeth A.; Lund, Judith N. (2012). "Spatial and Seasonal Distribution of American Whaling and Whales in the Age of Sail". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e34905. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734905S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034905. PMC 3338773. PMID 22558102.
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