Jeremiah 38

Jeremiah 38
Jeremiah 38
← chapter 37 chapter 39 →
	A high resolution scan of the Aleppo Codex showing the Book of Jeremiah (the sixth book in Nevi'im).
Book	Book of Jeremiah
Hebrew Bible part	Nevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part	6
Category	Latter Prophets
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	24

Jeremiah 38 is the thirty-eighth chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. It is numbered as Jeremiah 45 in the Septuagint. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter is part of a narrative section consisting of chapters 37 to 44.[1] Chapter 38 records the petition from the royal officials to punish Jeremiah (verses 1–6), his confinement in the dungeon or cistern and his rescue from there (verses 7-13a), although he remains in captivity (verse 13b), a secret conversation between Jeremiah and King Zedekiah (verses 14–26), and the inquiry of Jeremiah by the king's officials (verses 27–28).[2]

Text

The original text was written in Hebrew. This chapter is divided into 28 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[3]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^Q; 6th century).[4]

Verse numbering

The order of chapters and verses of the Book of Jeremiah in the English Bibles, Masoretic Text (Hebrew), and Vulgate (Latin), in some places differs from that in the Septuagint (LXX, the Greek Bible used in the Eastern Orthodox Church and others) according to Rahlfs or Brenton. The following table is taken with minor adjustments from Brenton's Septuagint, page 971.[5]

The order of Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint/Scriptural Study (CATSS) based on Rahlfs' Septuaginta (1935), differs in some details from Joseph Ziegler's critical edition (1957) in Göttingen LXX. Swete's Introduction mostly agrees with Rahlfs' edition (=CATSS).[5]

Hebrew, Vulgate, English	Rahlfs' LXX (CATSS)	Brenton's LXX
38:1-28	45:1-28
31:1-40	38:1-34,36,37,35,38-40	38:1-40

Parashot

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.[6] Jeremiah 38 is a part of the "Fifteenth prophecy (Jeremiah 36-39)" in the section of Prophecies interwoven with narratives about the prophet's life (Jeremiah 26-45). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.

[{S} 37:12-21] 38:1-2 {S} 38:3-6 {S} 38:7-13 {S} 38:14-16 {S} 38:17a {S} 38:17b-18 כה אמר {S} 38:19-23 {S} 38:24-26 {P} 38:27-28a {S} 38:28b [39:1-14 והיה כאשר {S}]

Structure

The New King James Version divides this chapter into the following sections:

Jeremiah 38:1–13 = Jeremiah in the Dungeon
Jeremiah 38:14–28 = Zedekiah's Fears and Jeremiah's Advice

Verse 1

Now Shephatiah the son of Mattan, Gedaliah the son of Pashhur, Jucal the son of Shelemiah, and Pashhur the son of Malchiah heard the words that Jeremiah had spoken to all the people, saying[7]

"Jucal the son of Shelemiah": same as "Jehucal the son of Shelemiah" in Jeremiah 37:3. During the excavations in the ruins of the City of David conducted by the Ir David Foundation in 2005 a bulla was discovered with the inscription "belonging to Jehucal son of Shelemiah (Shelemyahu) son of Shovi" which is thought to point to the person mentioned here.[8]
"Gedaliah the son of Pashhur": A bulla seal bearing the same name in Paleo-Hebrew alphabet was discovered by Eilat Mazar of Hebrew University, Jerusalem, during an excavation in the ruins of the City of David conducted by the Ir David Foundation in 2008, in the same strata, just a few yards away, from the seal of Jehucal the son of Shelemiah.[9][10][11]
"Pashhur, the son of Malchiah" is also named in Jeremiah 21:1.[12]

Verse 2

"Thus says the Lord: 'He who remains in this city shall die by the sword, by famine, and by pestilence; but he who goes over to the Chaldeans shall live; his life shall be as a prize to him, and he shall live.'"[13]

Huey and others note the close similarities of the wording in this verse with Jeremiah 21:9, but concluded that the warning could have been repeated many times.[14]

Verse 4

Therefore the princes said to the king, 'Please, let this man be put to death, for thus he weakens the hands of the men of war who remain in this city, and the hands of all the people, by speaking such words to them. For this man does not seek the welfare of this people, but their harm."[15]

According to the New Oxford Annotated Bible, the phraseology in this verse is found to be similar to one in "a letter written 18 months earlier, found in the excavations at Lachish"[1] (Ostracon VI of Lachish letters).[16][17]

Verse 6

So they took Jeremiah and cast him into the dungeon of Malchiah, the king’s son, which was in the court of the prison, and they let Jeremiah down with ropes. And in the dungeon there was no water, but mire. So Jeremiah sank in the mire.[18]

This location is referred to as "the dungeon" in the King James Version and New King James Version, the American Standard Version and the Geneva Bible. It is referred to as "a cistern" in the English Standard Version, the revised edition of the New American Bible, the New International Version and the Revised Standard Version.[19] The Jerusalem Bible describes it as a cistern or a well.[20] Alternative readings state that Malchiah was not the king's son but "the son of Hammelech".[21]

Verse 28

Now Jeremiah remained in the court of the prison until the day that Jerusalem was taken. And he was there when Jerusalem was taken.[22]

The Jerusalem Bible merges the last part of this verse with Jeremiah 39:3: Now when Jerusalem was captured ... all the officers of the King of Babylon marched in...[23]

Notes and references

Coogan 2007, p. 1137 Hebrew Bible.
Huey 1993, p. 332-339.
Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
CCEL - Brenton Jeremiah Appendix.
As reflected in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.
Jeremiah 38:1 NKJV
"Unique biblical discovery at City of David excavation site". Israel Ministry of Foreign affairs. 18 Aug 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
Proof of Jeremiah Unearthed in Jerusalem, by Hana Levi Julian, Arutz Sheva, March 08, 2008.
“Strata: Seals of Jeremiah’s Captors Who Urged Imprisonment,” BAR, September/October 2015.
Jewish Historical Connection to Jerusalem Archived 2018-12-22 at the Wayback Machine - State of Israel, Minister of Foreign Affair. Accessed 13 July 2017.
Ryle 2009.
Jeremiah 38:2 NKJV
Huey 1993, p. 333.
Jeremiah 38:4 NKJV
ANET, 322
Huey 1993, p. 334.
Jeremiah 38:6 NKJV
BibleGateway.com, translations of Jeremiah 38:6, accessed 24 March 2019
Jerusalem Bible (1966), Heading at Jeremiah 38:1-13 and text in verse 6ff
Notes at Jeremiah 28:6 in the ASV and NKJV
Jeremiah 38:28: NKJV
Jerusalem Bible (1966), Jeremiah 38:28 and 39:3

Sources

Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288810.
Huey, F. B. (1993). The New American Commentary - Jeremiah, Lamentations: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV Text. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401165.
Ryle, Herbert Edward (2009). The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Paperback. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 9781117708690.
Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links

Jewish

Jeremiah 38 Hebrew with Parallel English

Christian

Jeremiah 38 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate

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[FOOTNOTECoogan20071137_Hebrew_Bible-1] Coogan 2007, p. 1137 Hebrew Bible.

[FOOTNOTEHuey1993332-339-2] Huey 1993, p. 332-339.

[FOOTNOTEWürthwein199535–37-3] Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.

[FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74-4] Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.

[ccel-5] CCEL - Brenton Jeremiah Appendix.

[6] As reflected in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.

[7] Jeremiah 38:1 NKJV

[8] "Unique biblical discovery at City of David excavation site". Israel Ministry of Foreign affairs. 18 Aug 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-16.

[9] Proof of Jeremiah Unearthed in Jerusalem, by Hana Levi Julian, Arutz Sheva, March 08, 2008.

[10] “Strata: Seals of Jeremiah’s Captors Who Urged Imprisonment,” BAR, September/October 2015.

[11] Jewish Historical Connection to Jerusalem Archived 2018-12-22 at the Wayback Machine - State of Israel, Minister of Foreign Affair. Accessed 13 July 2017.

[FOOTNOTERyle2009-12] Ryle 2009.

[13] Jeremiah 38:2 NKJV

[FOOTNOTEHuey1993333-14] Huey 1993, p. 333.

[15] Jeremiah 38:4 NKJV

[16] ANET, 322

[FOOTNOTEHuey1993334-17] Huey 1993, p. 334.

[18] Jeremiah 38:6 NKJV

[19] BibleGateway.com, translations of Jeremiah 38:6, accessed 24 March 2019

[20] Jerusalem Bible (1966), Heading at Jeremiah 38:1-13 and text in verse 6ff

[21] Notes at Jeremiah 28:6 in the ASV and NKJV

[22] Jeremiah 38:28: NKJV

[23] Jerusalem Bible (1966), Jeremiah 38:28 and 39:3