Jeremiah 39

The order of chapters and verses of the Book of Jeremiah in the English Bibles, Masoretic Text (Hebrew), and Vulgate (Latin), in some places differs from that in the Septuagint (LXX, the Greek Bible used in the Eastern Orthodox Church and others) according to Rahlfs or Brenton. The following table is taken with minor adjustments from Brenton's Septuagint, page 971.[3]

The order of Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint/Scriptural Study (CATSS) based on Alfred Rahlfs' Septuaginta (1935), differs in some details from Joseph Ziegler's critical edition (1957) in Göttingen LXX. Swete's Introduction mostly agrees with Rahlfs' edition (=CATSS).[3]

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[4]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (with a different chapter and verse numbering), made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^Q; 6th century).[5] The Septuagint version does not contain the part what is generally known to be verses 4–13 in Christian Bibles.[3]

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.[6] Jeremiah 39 is a part of the "Fifteenth prophecy (Jeremiah 36-39)" in the section of Prophecies interwoven with narratives about the prophet's life (Jeremiah 26-45). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.

[{S} 38:28b] 39:1-14 והיה כאשר {S} 39:15-18 {P}

• Jeremiah 39:1–10: 2 Kings 25:1–12; Jeremiah 52:4–16[7][8]

In the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth month, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and all his army came against Jerusalem, and besieged it.[12]

Cross reference: 2 Kings 25:1; Jeremiah 52:1–4; Ezekiel 24:1–2

"The ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth month" refers to January 587 BCE.[13] 2 Kings 25:1, Jeremiah 52:4 and Ezekiel 24:1 provide the date as "the tenth day of the month".[14]

And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up.[15]

Cross reference: 2 Kings 25:2–4; Jeremiah 52:5–7

• "The city was broken up" (KJV); "the city was penetrated" (NKJV): An alternative translation would be "... the city wall was breached".[16] "The eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month" refers to July 586 BCE: the wall of Jerusalem "was broken through" after 18 months of siege,[13][14] and the city fell after completely devoid of food. Cannibalism became prevalent (Jeremiah 52:4–6; Lamentations 4:10).[14]

All the officials of the king of Babylon entered and sat at the Middle Gate: Nergal-sharezer, Samgar, Nebusarsechim the Rab-saris, Nergal-sharezer the Rab-mag, and all the rest of the officials of Babylon’s king.[17]

The Jerusalem Bible merges the last part of Jeremiah 38:28 with verse 3: Now when Jerusalem was captured … all the officers of the King of Babylon marched in...[18]

The medieval Jewish commentator Rashi considered the statement "All the officials of the king of Babylon entered and sat at the Middle Gate" as the fulfillment of the prophecy, "They shall come and each one set his throne at the entrance of the gates of Jerusalem" in Jeremiah 1:15.[19]

Various language versions have rendered the list of names differently:[20]

• "Nebusarsechim Rab-saris" (Hebrew: נבו שר־סכים רב־סריס): David Vanderhooft reported, "A certain Nabû-šarrūssu-ukīn held the office of rēš šarri under Amel-Marduk in 561 B.C.E."[21] A tablet was unearthed in the ancient city of Sippar in the 1870s and acquired by the British Museum in 1920, but only being discovered by Michael Jursa of University of Vienna in 2000s, to contain both the name and the title Nabu-sharrussu-ukin rab ša-rēši closely matched of this person.[22] As the tablet is dated just eight years before the events described here, Jursa wrote that the rarity of the Babylonian name, the high rank of the rab ša-rēši and the close proximity in time make it almost certain that the person mentioned on the tablet is identical with the biblical figure.[23]
• "Samgar" or "Simmagir"; "Rab-saris"; and "Rab-mag" are "titles of Babylonian officials" according to the New Oxford Annotated Bible.[13]

So it was, when Zedekiah the king of Judah and all the men of war saw them, that they fled and went out of the city by night, by way of the king's garden, by the gate between the two walls. And he went out by way of the plain.[24]

• Cross references: 2 Kings 25:4; Jeremiah 52:7; Ezekiel 12:12
• "The king’s garden": mentioned in Nehemiah 3:15 in conjunction with the pool of Siloam and 'the stairs that go down from the City of David', which point to the southern part of the city near the Tyropoeon Valley. The location supports the reference to the "two walls," which were likely 'the walls on the eastern and western hills'.[25]
• "The plain": or "Arabah; the Jordan valley",[26] which is the 'rift valley' (עֲרָבָה, ʿaravah) extending from Galilee along the Jordan River then descending to the Gulf of Aqaba. The king and his men might try to escape across the Jordan river to Moab or Ammon, because from Jeremiah 40:14 and 41:15 it is known that the Ammonites were harboring fugitives from the Babylonians.[27]

′'But the army of the Chaldeans pursued them and overtook Zedekiah in the plains of Jericho. And when they had taken him, they brought him up to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, at Riblah, in the land of Hamath; and he passed sentence on him.[28]

• Cross reference: Jeremiah 52:8
• "Plains": from the plural form of Hebrew word עֲרָבָה, ʿaravah, "rift valley"; here refers to 'the sloping plains of the rift valley basin north of the Dead Sea' west of the Jordan River in the vicinity of the Jericho (cf. Numbers 21:1).[29]
• "Riblah: was a city on the Orontes River in Syria, strategically located at a crossing of the major roads between Egypt and Mesopotamia. About 22 years before (609 BCE), Pharaoh Necho had brought Jehoahaz there, putting him in chains (2 Kings 23:33) prior to taking him captive to Egypt. Now Nebuchadnezzar made it his base camp for his campaigns against the Palestinian states and his seat of judgment on prisoners brought to him there,[30]

Moreover he put out Zedekiah’s eyes, and bound him with bronze fetters to carry him off to Babylon.[31]

Cross references: 2 Kings 25:7; Jeremiah 52:11

• Huey notes the fulfillment of two prophecies in this verse:[7]
  1. Zedekiah would see the king of Babylon and then be taken to Babylon (the prophecy recorded in Jeremiah 32:4-5; Jeremiah 34:3)
  2. Zedekiah would die in Babylon without being able to see that country (the prophecy recorded in Ezekiel 12:13)

So Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard sent Nebushasban, Rabsaris, Nergal-Sharezer, Rabmag, and all the king of Babylon’s chief officers;[32]

"Rabsaris"; and "Rabmag" are "titles of Babylonian officials" according to the New Oxford Annotated Bible.[13]

then they sent someone to take Jeremiah from the court of the prison, and committed him to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, that he should take him home. So he dwelt among the people.[33]

According to Jeremiah 40:1 the court of the prison was located in Ramah, from where Jeremiah was released into the protection of Gedaliah (cf. Jeremiah 26:24).[10]

• Jeremiah 39 Hebrew with Parallel English

• Jeremiah 39 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate