Jewish population by country

As of 2023, the world's "core" Jewish population (those identifying as Jews above all else) was estimated at 16.1 million,[1][2] 0.2% of the 8 billion worldwide population. This number rises to 18 million with the addition of the "connected" Jewish population, including those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish backgrounds from at least one Jewish parent, and rises again to 21 million with the addition of the "enlarged" Jewish population, including those who say they have Jewish backgrounds but no Jewish parents and all non-Jewish household members who live with Jews. Counting all those who are eligible for Israeli citizenship under Israel's Law of Return, in addition to Israeli Jews, raised the total to 23.8 million.[3]

Eligible Jewish population by country (top 12, 2018)

United States (51%)

Israel (30%)

France (3%)

Canada (3%)

Russia (3%)

United Kingdom (2%)

Argentina (1%)

Germany (1%)

Australia (1%)

Brazil (1%)

Mexico (1%)

Ukraine (1%)

Hungary (1%)

Other (1%)

Two countries account for 81% of those recognised as Jews or of sufficient Jewish ancestry to be eligible for citizenship in Israel under its Law of Return: the United States with 51% and Israel with 30% (including the West Bank with 2%). An additional 16% is split between France (3%), Canada (3%), Russia (3%), the United Kingdom (2%), Argentina (1%), Germany (1%), Ukraine (1%), Brazil (1%), Australia (1%), and Hungary (1%), while the remaining 3% are spread around approximately 98 other countries and territories with less than 0.5% each. With nearly 6.8 million Jews, Israel is the only Jewish-majority country and the only explicitly Jewish state.[4]

In 1939, the core Jewish population reached its historical peak of 17 million. Due to the Holocaust, this number was reduced to 11 million by 1945.[5][6][7] The population grew to around 13 million by the 1970s and then recorded almost no growth until around 2005, due to low fertility rates and assimilation of Jews.[6] From 2005 to 2018, the world's Jewish population grew 0.63% annually on average, while world population overall grew 1.1% annually in the same period.[8] This increase primarily reflected the rapid growth of Haredi and some Orthodox sectors, who remain a growing proportion of Jews.[9]

Trends

Israel

Recent Jewish population dynamics are characterized by continued steady increase in the Israeli Jewish population and flat or declining numbers in other countries (the diaspora). Jewish immigration to Palestine began in earnest following the 1839 Tanzimat reforms; between 1840 and 1880, the Jewish population of Palestine rose from 9,000 to 23,000.[10] In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the population of the Palestine region.[11][12] Through the first five phases of Aliyah, the Jewish population rose to 630,000 by the inception of the state of Israel in 1948. By 2014 this had risen to 6,135,000,[13] while the population of the diaspora has dropped from 10.5 to 8.1 million over the same period.[14] Current Israeli Jewish demographics are characterized by a relatively high fertility rate of 3 children per woman and a stable age distribution.[15] The overall growth rate of Jews in Israel is 1.7% annually.[16] The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people leaving Judaism versus those joining.[14] Immigration trends also favour Israel ahead of diaspora countries. The Jewish state has a positive immigration balance (called aliyah in Hebrew). Israel saw its Jewish numbers significantly buoyed by a million-strong wave of Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s,[17] and immigration growth has been steady (in the low tens of thousands) since then.[18]

Rest of the world

In general, the modern English-speaking world has seen an increase in its share of the diaspora since the Holocaust and the foundation of Israel, while historic diaspora Jewish populations in Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East have significantly declined or disappeared.[19] France continues to be home to the world's third largest Jewish community, at around 500,000,[20][21] but has shown an increasingly negative trend. As a long term trend, intermarriage has reduced its "core" Jewish population and increased its "connected" and "enlarged" Jewish populations. More recently, migration loss to Israel amongst French Jews reached the tens of thousands between 2014 and 2017, following a wave of anti-Semitic attacks.[22][23] According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, between 2010 and 2015 "an estimated one million babies were born to Jewish mothers and roughly 600,000 Jews died, meaning that the natural increase in the Jewish population – i.e., the number of births minus the number of deaths – was 500,000 over this period".[24] According to the same study, over the next four decades the number of Jews around the world is expected to increase from 14.2 million in 2015 to 16.4 million in 2060.[24]

Debate over United States numbers

The number of Jews in the United States has been the subject of much debate because of questions over counting methodology. In 2012, Sheskin and Dashefsky put forward a figure of 6.72 million based on a mixture of local surveys, informed local estimates, and US census data. They qualified their estimate with a concern over double counting and suggested the real figure may lie between 6 and 6.4 million.[25] Drawing on their work, the Steinhardt Social Research Institute released their own estimate of 6.8 million Jews in the United States in 2013.[26] These figures are in contrast to Israeli demographer Sergio Della Pergola's number of 5,425,000, also in 2012.[27] He has called high estimates “implausible” and “unreliable” although he revised the United States Jewish number upward to 5.7 million in subsequent years.[28][27] This controversy followed a similar debate in 2001 when the National Jewish Population Survey released a United States Jewish estimate as low as 5.2 million only to have serious methodological errors suggested in their survey.[27] In sum, a confidence interval of a million or more people is likely to persist in reporting on the number of Jewish Americans.

By country

Below is a list of Jewish populations in the world by country. All data below, except the last column, are from the Berman Jewish DataBank at Stanford University in the World Jewish Population (2020) report coordinated by Sergio DellaPergola at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[3] The Jewish DataBank figures are primarily based on national censuses combined with trend analysis.

Core Jewish population refers to those who consider themselves Jews to the exclusion of all else.
Connected Jewish population includes the core Jewish population and additionally those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish background from at least one Jewish parent.
Enlarged Jewish population includes the Jewish connected population and those who say they have Jewish background but not a Jewish parent, and all non-Jews living in households with Jews.
Eligible Jewish population includes all those eligible for immigration to Israel under its Law of Return.
National official population is the Jewish population reported by a national source. Note that the "National" results may not be entirely accurate, as other sources may have conflicting accounts of Jewish populations in some countries.

Table

Countries	Core population			Connected population			Enlarged population			Eligible population			National official
Countries	Total	pct	pmp	Total	pct	pmp	Total	pct	pmp	Total	pct	pmp	National official
Israel[lower-alpha 1]	6,340,600	39	729,090	6,559,300	36	754,238	6,778,000	32	779,386	6,778,000	28	779,386	7,145,000 [29](2023)
United States	5,700,000	35	17,320	8,000,000	44	24,309	10,000,000	48	30,386	12,000,000	50	36,463	6,543,820 [30](2018)
France[lower-alpha 2]	448,000	2.8	6,910	550,000	3.1	8,483	650,000	3.1	10,026	750,000	3.2	11,568	—
West Bank[lower-alpha 3]	432,800	2.7	140,280	437,800	2.4	141,901	442,700	2.1	143,489	442,700	1.9	143,489	—
Canada	393,000	2.4	10,500	450,000	2.5	12,023	550,000	2.6	14,695	700,000	2.9	18,702	341,665 [31](2023)
United Kingdom[lower-alpha 4]	292,000	1.8	4,370	330,000	1.8	4,939	370,000	1.8	5,537	410,000	1.7	6,136	263,346 [32][33][34](2011)
Argentina	175,000	1.1	3,990	260,000	1.4	5,779	310,000	1.5	6,891	360,000	1.5	8,002	—
Russia	155,000	0.96	1,060	320,000	1.8	2,188	460,000	2.2	3,146	600,000	2.5	4,103	157,673 [35](2010)
Australia	118,000	0.73	4,660	130,000	0.72	5,134	145,000	0.69	5,726	160,000	0.67	6,319	91,022 (2016)[36]
Germany	118,000	0.73	1,420	150,000	0.83	1,805	225,000	1.1	2,708	275,000	1.2	3,309	83,430 [37](2011)
Brazil	92,000	0.57	440	120,000	0.67	574	150,000	0.71	717	180,000	0.76	861	107,329 [36](2011)
South Africa	52,300	0.32	890	65,000	0.36	1,106	75,000	0.36	1,276	85,000	0.36	1,446	49,469 [38](2016)
Hungary	47,200	0.29	4,830	75,000	0.42	7,675	100,000	0.48	10,233	130,000	0.55	13,303	10,965 [36](2011)
Ukraine	45,000	0.28	1,070	90,000	0.50	2,140	140,000	0.67	3,329	200,000	0.84	4,756	103,878 [39](2001)
Mexico	40,000	0.25	320	45,000	0.25	360	50,000	0.24	400	65,000	0.27	520	67,476 [36](2010)
Netherlands	29,800	0.18	1,250	43,000	0.24	1,563	53,000	0.25	2,188	63,000	0.26	2,813	0.1% [40](2016)
Belgium	29,000	0.18	2,530	35,000	0.19	3,053	40,000	0.19	3,490	45,000	0.19	3,926	—
Italy	27,000	0.17	450	34,000	0.19	560	41,000	0.20	676	48,000	0.20	791	—
Switzerland	18,500	0.11	2,160	22,000	0.12	2,569	25,000	0.12	2,919	28,000	0.12	3,269	16,763 [36](2011)
Uruguay	16,000	0.099	4,690	20,000	0.11	5,685	24,000	0.11	6,822	28,000	0.12	7,959	—
Chile	16,000	0.099	840	20,000	0.11	1,050	24,000	0.11	1,260	28,000	0.12	1,470	14,976 [36](2002)
Sweden	15,000	0.093	1,460	20,000	0.11	1,947	25,000	0.12	2,433	30,000	0.13	2,920	—
Turkey	14,500	0.090	180	19,000	0.11	234	21,000	0.100	259	23,000	0.097	284	—
Spain	13,000	0.080	280	16,000	0.089	345	19,000	0.090	409	22,000	0.092	474	—
Austria	10,300	0.064	1,160	14,000	0.078	1,577	17,000	0.081	1,915	20,000	0.084	2,252	8,140 [36](2001)
Panama	10,000	0.062	2,370	11,000	0.061	2,607	12,000	0.057	2,844	13,000	0.055	3,081	—
Iran	9,500	0.059	110	10,500	0.058	122	12,000	0.057	139	13,000	0.055	151	9,826 [36](2016)
Romania	8,900	0.055	460	13,000	0.072	672	17,000	0.081	879	20,000	0.084	1,034	3,519 [36](2011)
Belarus	8,500	0.052	900	17,000	0.094	1,800	25,000	0.12	2,647	33,000	0.14	3,494	13,705 [41](2019)
New Zealand	7,500	0.046	1,510	8,500	0.047	1,711	9,500	0.045	1,913	10,500	0.044	2,114	5,274 [36](2018)
Azerbaijan	7,200	0.044	720	10,500	0.058	1,050	15,500	0.074	1,550	20,500	0.086	2,050	9,084 [41](2009)
Venezuela	6,000	0.037	210	10,000	0.055	350	12,000	0.057	420	14,000	0.059	490	9,500 [42][43](2010)
Denmark	6,400	0.040	1,100	7,500	0.042	1,289	8,500	0.040	1,461	9,500	0.040	1,633	—
India	4,800	0.030	3	6,000	0.033	4	7,500	0.036	5	9,000	0.038	6	4,650 [44](2011)
Latvia	4,500	0.028	2,350	8,000	0.044	4,178	12,000	0.057	6,267	16,000	0.067	8,356	8,210 [45](2019)
Poland	4,500	0.028	120	7,000	0.039	187	10,000	0.048	267	13,000	0.055	347	2,488 [46](2011)
Greece	4,100	0.025	380	5,200	0.029	482	6,000	0.029	556	7,000	0.029	649	—
Czech Republic	3,900	0.024	370	5,000	0.028	474	6,500	0.031	617	8,000	0.034	759	1,427 [47](2021)
Portugal	3,100	0.019	300	3,500	0.019	339	4,000	0.019	387	5,000	0.021	484	3,061 [36](2011)
China[lower-alpha 5]	3,000	0.019	2	3,200	0.018	2	3,400	0.016	2	3,600	0.015	3	—
Uzbekistan	2,900	0.018	90	6,000	0.033	186	8,000	0.038	248	10,000	0.042	310	94,689 [48](1989)
Ireland	2,700	0.017	550	3,600	0.020	733	5,000	0.024	1,019	6,500	0.027	1,324	1,921 [49](2016)
Slovakia	2,600	0.016	480	3,600	0.020	665	4,600	0.022	849	6,000	0.025	1,108	601 [50](2019)
Kazakhstan	2,500	0.015	140	4,800	0.027	269	6,500	0.031	364	9,500	0.040	532	5,281 [36](2009)
Costa Rica	2,500	0.015	490	2,800	0.016	549	3,100	0.015	608	3,400	0.014	666	—
Lithuania	2,400	0.015	860	4,700	0.026	1,684	7,500	0.036	2,688	10,500	0.044	3,763	1,229 [36](2011)
Colombia	2,100	0.013	40	2,800	0.016	53	3,500	0.017	67	4,500	0.019	86	—
Morocco	2,100	0.013	60	2,500	0.014	71	2,800	0.013	80	3,100	0.013	89	—
Bulgaria	2,000	0.012	290	4,000	0.022	580	6,000	0.029	870	8,000	0.034	1,160	1,162 [51](2011)
Moldova	1,900	0.012	540	3,800	0.021	1,080	7,500	0.036	2,132	10,000	0.042	2,842	1,601 [36](2014)
Estonia	1,900	0.012	1,430	2,700	0.015	2,032	3,500	0.017	2,634	4,500	0.019	3,387	1,921 [52](2019)
Peru	1,900	0.012	60	2,400	0.013	76	3,000	0.014	95	3,500	0.015	111	—
Croatia	1,700	0.010	420	2,400	0.013	593	3,100	0.015	766	3,800	0.016	939	536 [36](2011)
Georgia	1,500	0.0093	380	3,000	0.017	760	5,000	0.024	1,267	7,500	0.032	1,900	1,417 [36](2014)
Puerto Rico	1,500	0.0093	490	2,000	0.011	653	2,500	0.012	817	3,000	0.013	980	—
Serbia	1,400	0.0086	200	2,100	0.012	300	2,800	0.013	400	3,500	0.015	500	578 [36](2011)
Finland	1,300	0.0080	240	1,600	0.0089	295	1,900	0.0090	351	2,200	0.0092	406	1,093 [53](2017)
Norway	1,300	0.0080	240	1,600	0.0089	295	2,000	0.0095	369	2,500	0.011	462	761 [54](2021)
Tunisia	1,000	0.0062	90	1,200	0.0067	108	1,400	0.0067	126	1,600	0.0067	144	—
Japan	1,000	0.0062	10	1,200	0.0067	12	1,400	0.0067	14	1,600	0.0067	16	—
Paraguay	1,100	0.0068	150	1,300	0.0072	177	1,600	0.0076	218	1,900	0.0080	259	1,100 [36](2002)
Guatemala	900	0.0056	50	1,200	0.0067	67	1,500	0.0071	83	1,800	0.0076	100	—
Singapore	900	0.0056	160	1,000	0.0055	178	1,200	0.0057	213	1,400	0.0059	249	—
Ecuador	600	0.0037	30	800	0.0044	40	1,000	0.0048	50	1,200	0.0050	60	—
Gibraltar	800	0.0049	22,860	900	0.0050	25,718	1,000	0.0048	28,575	1,100	0.0046	31,433	763 [36](2012)
Luxembourg	700	0.0043	1,130	900	0.0050	1,453	1,100	0.0052	1,776	1,300	0.0055	2,099	—
Bolivia	500	0.0031	40	700	0.0039	56	900	0.0043	72	1,100	0.0046	88	—
Bosnia and Herzegovina	500	0.0031	140	800	0.0044	224	1,100	0.0052	308	1,400	0.0059	392	262 [55](2013)
Cuba	500	0.0031	40	1,000	0.0055	80	1,500	0.0071	120	2,000	0.0084	160	—
U.S. Virgin Islands	500	0.0031	3,810	600	0.0033	5,715	700	0.0033	6,668	800	0.0034	7,620	—
Kyrgyzstan	400	0.0025	60	700	0.0039	105	1,000	0.0048	150	1,500	0.0063	225	455 [56](2018)
Bahamas	200	0.0012	510	500	0.0028	1,275	700	0.0033	1,785	900	0.0038	2,295	191 [36](2010)
Kenya	300	0.0019	10	500	0.0028	17	700	0.0033	23	900	0.0038	30	—
Netherlands Antilles	400	0.0025	1,250	500	0.0028	1,563	700	0.0033	2,188	900	0.0038	2,813	—
Jamaica	500	0.0031	180	300	0.0017	108	400	0.0019	144	500	0.0021	180	506 [36](2011)
Suriname	200	0.0012	330	400	0.0022	660	600	0.0029	990	800	0.0034	1,320	181 [57](2012)
Thailand	200	0.0012	3	300	0.0017	4	400	0.0019	6	500	0.0021	7	—
Turkmenistan	200	0.0012	30	400	0.0022	60	600	0.0029	90	800	0.0034	120	1,537 [58](1995)
Zimbabwe	200	0.0012	10	400	0.0022	20	600	0.0029	30	800	0.0034	40	—
Armenia	100	0.00062	30	300	0.0017	90	500	0.0024	150	700	0.0029	210	127 [59](2011)
Bermuda	100	0.00062	1,540	200	0.0011	3,080	300	0.0014	4,620	400	0.0017	6,160	135 [36](2010)
Botswana	100	0.00062	40	200	0.0011	80	300	0.0014	120	400	0.0017	160	—
DR Congo	100	0.00062	1	200	0.0011	2	300	0.0014	3	400	0.0017	4	—
Cyprus	500	0.0031	240	400	0.0022	320	500	0.0024	400	600	0.0025	480	—
Barbados	100	0.00062	350	200	0.0011	700	300	0.0014	1,050	400	0.0017	1,400	103 [36](2011)
Dominican Republic	100	0.00062	10	200	0.0011	20	300	0.0014	30	400	0.0017	40	—
Egypt	100	0.00062	1	200	0.0011	2	300	0.0014	3	400	0.0017	4	—
El Salvador	100	0.00062	20	200	0.0011	40	300	0.0014	60	400	0.0017	80	—
Ethiopia	100	0.00062	1	500	0.0028	4	1,000	0.0048	8	2,500	0.011	20	—
Indonesia	100	0.00062	0	200	0.0011	1	300	0.0014	1	400	0.0017	1	—
Malta	500	0.0031	200	200	0.0011	400	300	0.0014	600	400	0.0017	800	—
Namibia	100	0.00062	40	200	0.0011	80	300	0.0014	120	400	0.0017	160	—
Nigeria	100	0.00062	0	200	0.0011	1	300	0.0014	1	400	0.0017	2	—
North Macedonia	100	0.00062	50	200	0.0011	100	300	0.0014	150	400	0.0017	200	66 [60](2021)
Madagascar	100	0.00062	3	200	0.0011	7	300	0.0014	10	400	0.0017	14	—
Philippines	100	0.00062	1	200	0.0011	2	300	0.0014	3	400	0.0017	3	—
Slovenia	100	0.00062	50	200	0.0011	100	300	0.0014	150	400	0.0017	200	99 [36](2001)
South Korea	100	0.00062	2	200	0.0011	4	300	0.0014	6	400	0.0017	8	—
Syria[lower-alpha 6]	100	0.00062	5	200	0.0011	9	300	0.0014	14	400	0.0017	18	—
Taiwan	100	0.00062	4	200	0.0011	8	300	0.0014	13	400	0.0017	17	—
Uganda	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7,189 [61](2014)
Aruba	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	354 [36](2018)
Nicaragua	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	199 [36](2018)
Mauritius	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	43 [36](2018)
Tajikistan	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	38 [41][62](2020)
Anguilla	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16 [36](2018)
Faroe Islands	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12 [63](2020)
Iceland	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	55 [64](2020)
Montenegro	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12 [36](2018)
British Virgin Islands	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11 [36](2018)
Liechtenstein	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	26 [65](2020)
Falkland Islands	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1 [36](2018)
World	16,200,000	100	1,920	18,030,900	100	2,341	21,005,700	100	2,727	23,809,100	100	3,091	—

pct = percent of total

pmp = per million people

Including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, not including the West Bank.
Figures includes France and Monaco. See: History of the Jews in France and History of the Jews in Monaco.
West Bank total population (without East Jerusalem): 2,548,700; Gaza: 1,839,900; Total: 4,388,600. The West Bank also includes 404,600 Jews and 8,600 non-Jewish Israelis, for a total of 413,200 Jews and others. The Jewish population of the West Bank consists of Israeli citizens living in Israeli settlements who are treated as residents of Israel under Israeli law. The reported West Bank total of 2,961,900 includes Palestinian, Jewish and other residents.
Including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.
Figures include mainland China and Hong Kong SAR. See: History of the Jews in China and History of the Jews in Hong Kong.
Includes Lebanon.

Remnant and vanished populations

The above table represents Jews that number at least a few dozen per country. Reports exist of Jewish communities remaining in other territories in the low single digits that are on the verge of disappearing, particularly in the Muslim world, as their reaction to the birth of Israel in 1948 was the persecution of Jews in nearly all Muslim lands; these are often of historical interest as they represent the remnant of much larger Jewish populations. For example, Egypt had a Jewish community of 80,000 in the early 20th century that numbered fewer than 40 as of 2014, mainly because of the forced expulsion movements to Israel and other countries at that time.[66] Despite a 2,000 year history of Jewish presence, there are no longer any known Jews living in Afghanistan, as its last Jewish residents Zablon Simintov and Tova Moradi, fled the country in September[67] and October 2021[68][69] respectively.

In Syria, another ancient Jewish community saw mass exodus at the end of the 20th century and numbered fewer than 20 in the midst of the Syrian Civil War.[70] The size of the Jewish community in Indonesia has been variously given as 65, 100, or 18 at most over the last 50 years.[71][72] In Yemen due to the ongoing civil war, the Yemenite Jews have faced persecution by the Houthis, who have demanded they convert to Islam or face mandatory expulsion from the country. The Israeli military has conducted operations evacuating the population and moving them to Israel.[73] On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving the last four elderly Jews in Yemen.[74][75] According to one report there are six Jews left in Yemen: one woman; her brother; three others, and Levi Salem Marahbi (who had been imprisoned for helping smuggle a Torah scroll out of Yemen).[76]

References

"World Jewish population reaches pre-Holocaust level at 16.5 million, report says". thejc.com. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
Eichner, Itamar (26 June 2015). "Jewish worldwide population in 2015 is nearly 16 million". Ynetnews. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
DellaPergola, Sergio (2022). "World Jewish Population, 2020". American Jewish Year Book 2020. American Jewish Year Book. 120: 273–370. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78706-6_7. ISBN 978-3-030-78705-9. S2CID 245642037. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
"Israel's Population Crosses 9 Million Mark!". United With Israel. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
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Salmon, Yosef (1978). "Ideology and Reality in the Bilu "Aliyah"". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. [President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]. 2 (4): 431. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41035804. Retrieved 3 February 2023. Jewish influx into Palestine. Between 1880 and 1907, the number of Jews in Palestine grew from 23,000 to 80,000. Most of the community resided in Jerusalem, which already had a Jewish majority at the beginning of the influx. [Footnote: Mordecai Elia, Ahavar Tziyon ve-Kolel Hod (Tel Aviv, 1971), appendix A. Between 1840 and 1880 the Jewish settlement in Palestine grew in numbers from 9,000 to 23,000.] The First Aliyah accounted for only a few thousand of the new-comers, and the number of the Biluim among them was no more than a few dozen. Jewish immigration to Palestine had begun to swell in the 1840s, following the liberalization of Ottoman domestic policy (the Tanzimat Reforms) and as a result of the protection extended to immigrants by the European consulates set up at the time in Jerusalem and Jaffa. The majority of immigrants came from Eastern and Central Europe - the Russian Empire, Romania, and Hungary - and were not inspired by modern Zionist ideology. Many were motivated by a blend of traditional ideology (e.g., belief in the sanctity of the land of Israel and in the redemption of the Jewish people through the return to Zion) and practical considerations (e.g., desire to escape the worsening conditions in their lands of origin and to improve their lot in Palestine). The proto-Zionist ideas which had already crystallized in Western Europe during the late 1850s and early 1860s were gaining currency in Eastern Europe.
The estimated 24,000 Jews in Palestine in 1882 represented just 0.3% of the world's Jewish population: see On, Raphael R. Bar. "ISRAEL'S NEXT CENSUS OF POPULATION AS A SOURCE OF DATA ON JEWS." Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies / דברי הקונגרס העולמי למדעי היהדות ה (1969): 31*-41*. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23524099.
Mendel, Yonatan (5 October 2014). The Creation of Israeli Arabic: Security and Politics in Arabic Studies in Israel. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-137-33737-5. Note 28: The exact percentage of Jews in Palestine prior to the rise of Zionism is unknown. However, it probably ranged from 2 to 5 per cent. According to Ottoman records, a total population of 462,465 resided in 1878 in what is today Israel/Palestine. Of this number, 403,795 (87 per cent) were Muslim, 43,659 (10 per cent) were Christian and 15,011 (3 per cent) were Jewish (quoted in Alan Dowty, Israel/Palestine, Cambridge: Polity, 2008, p. 13). See also Mark Tessler, A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 43 and 124.
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External links

Israelbooks.com The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute Annual Assessment 2004–2005: Between Thriving and Decline. Gefen Publishing House.
Publications on Jewish population at the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner
Jewish Population and Migration, by YIVO Encyclopedia

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[29] Including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, not including the West Bank.

[32] Figures includes France and Monaco. See: History of the Jews in France and History of the Jews in Monaco.

[33] West Bank total population (without East Jerusalem): 2,548,700; Gaza: 1,839,900; Total: 4,388,600. The West Bank also includes 404,600 Jews and 8,600 non-Jewish Israelis, for a total of 413,200 Jews and others. The Jewish population of the West Bank consists of Israeli citizens living in Israeli settlements who are treated as residents of Israel under Israeli law. The reported West Bank total of 2,961,900 includes Palestinian, Jewish and other residents.

[35] Including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.

[52] Figures include mainland China and Hong Kong SAR. See: History of the Jews in China and History of the Jews in Hong Kong.

[66] Includes Lebanon.

[1] "World Jewish population reaches pre-Holocaust level at 16.5 million, report says". thejc.com. Retrieved 1 May 2023.

[2] Eichner, Itamar (26 June 2015). "Jewish worldwide population in 2015 is nearly 16 million". Ynetnews. Retrieved 1 May 2023.

[auto-3] DellaPergola, Sergio (2022). "World Jewish Population, 2020". American Jewish Year Book 2020. American Jewish Year Book. 120: 273–370. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78706-6_7. ISBN 978-3-030-78705-9. S2CID 245642037. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.

[:0-4] "Israel's Population Crosses 9 Million Mark!". United With Israel. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.

[5] "World Jewish Population - Latest Statistics". Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.

[pewresearch.org-6] "The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population". 9 February 2015. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2016.

[7] "Chart: The decline of Europe's Jewish population". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.

[:2-8] DellaPergola, Sergio (2019). "World Jewish Population, 2018". American Jewish Year Book 2018. American Jewish Year Book. 118: 361–449. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03907-3_8. ISBN 978-3-030-03906-6. S2CID 146549764.

[9] "Haredi Orthodox account for bulk of Jewish population growth in New York City - Nation". Jewish Journal. 22 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.

[Salmon-10] Salmon, Yosef (1978). "Ideology and Reality in the Bilu "Aliyah"". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. [President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]. 2 (4): 431. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41035804. Retrieved 3 February 2023. Jewish influx into Palestine. Between 1880 and 1907, the number of Jews in Palestine grew from 23,000 to 80,000. Most of the community resided in Jerusalem, which already had a Jewish majority at the beginning of the influx. [Footnote: Mordecai Elia, Ahavar Tziyon ve-Kolel Hod (Tel Aviv, 1971), appendix A. Between 1840 and 1880 the Jewish settlement in Palestine grew in numbers from 9,000 to 23,000.] The First Aliyah accounted for only a few thousand of the new-comers, and the number of the Biluim among them was no more than a few dozen. Jewish immigration to Palestine had begun to swell in the 1840s, following the liberalization of Ottoman domestic policy (the Tanzimat Reforms) and as a result of the protection extended to immigrants by the European consulates set up at the time in Jerusalem and Jaffa. The majority of immigrants came from Eastern and Central Europe - the Russian Empire, Romania, and Hungary - and were not inspired by modern Zionist ideology. Many were motivated by a blend of traditional ideology (e.g., belief in the sanctity of the land of Israel and in the redemption of the Jewish people through the return to Zion) and practical considerations (e.g., desire to escape the worsening conditions in their lands of origin and to improve their lot in Palestine). The proto-Zionist ideas which had already crystallized in Western Europe during the late 1850s and early 1860s were gaining currency in Eastern Europe.

[11] The estimated 24,000 Jews in Palestine in 1882 represented just 0.3% of the world's Jewish population: see On, Raphael R. Bar. "ISRAEL'S NEXT CENSUS OF POPULATION AS A SOURCE OF DATA ON JEWS." Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies / דברי הקונגרס העולמי למדעי היהדות ה (1969): 31*-41*. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23524099.

[Mendel2014-12] Mendel, Yonatan (5 October 2014). The Creation of Israeli Arabic: Security and Politics in Arabic Studies in Israel. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-137-33737-5. Note 28: The exact percentage of Jews in Palestine prior to the rise of Zionism is unknown. However, it probably ranged from 2 to 5 per cent. According to Ottoman records, a total population of 462,465 resided in 1878 in what is today Israel/Palestine. Of this number, 403,795 (87 per cent) were Muslim, 43,659 (10 per cent) were Christian and 15,011 (3 per cent) were Jewish (quoted in Alan Dowty, Israel/Palestine, Cambridge: Polity, 2008, p. 13). See also Mark Tessler, A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 43 and 124.

[13] Yaakov Levi. "Israel Population Now 8.3 Million - 75% Are Jewish". Israel National News. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

[:3-14] DellaPergola, Sergio (2016), "World Jewish Population, 2015", in Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira M. (eds.), American Jewish Year Book 2015, American Jewish Year Book, vol. 115, Springer International Publishing, pp. 273–364, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24505-8_7, ISBN 9783319245034

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[bjpa-17] Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine - Mark Tolts.

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[58] "016 -- Population by religious community, age and sex in 2000 to 2017". Statistics of Finland. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[59] "Members of religious and life stance communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/life stance. Per 1 January1". Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.

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[61] 5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения. [5.01.00.03 Total population by nationality] (XLS). Bureau of Statistics of Kyrgyzstan (in Russian, Kyrgyz, and English). 2018.

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