Jhukar phase

The Jhukar phase was a phase of the Late Harappan culture in Sindh that continued after the decline of the mature Indus Valley civilisation in the 2nd millennium BC. It is named after the archaeological type site called Jhukar in Sindh.[1] It was, in turn, followed by the Jhangar phase.[1]

Map of the Indus Valley civilization, late phase
Bronze Age
↑ Chalcolithic
Africa, Near East (c. 3300–1200 BC)
Egypt, Anatolia, Caucasus, Elam, Levant, Mesopotamia, Sistan, Canaan Late Bronze Age collapse
South Asia c. 3300–1200 BC
Indus Valley Civilisation, Bronze Age India, Ochre Coloured Pottery, Cemetery H
Europe (c. 3200–900 BC)
Aegean (Cycladic, Minoan, Mycenaean), Caucasus, Catacomb culture, Srubnaya culture, Bell Beaker culture, Apennine culture, Terramare culture, Unetice culture, Tumulus culture, Urnfield culture, Proto-Villanovan culture, Hallstatt culture, Canegrate culture, Golasecca culture, Atlantic Bronze Age, Bronze Age Britain, Nordic Bronze Age
Eurasia and Siberia (c. 2700–700 BC)
Poltavka culture, Abashevo culture, Sintashta culture, Andronovo culture, Mezhovskaya culture, Cherkaskul culture
East Asia (c. 3100–300 BC)
Erlitou, Erligang, Gojoseon, Jomon, Majiayao, Mumun, Qijia, Siwa, Wucheng, Xindian, Yueshi, Xia dynasty, Shang dynasty, Sanxingdui, Zhou dynasty
Topics
Arsenical bronze, writing, literature, Sword, Chariot
↓ Iron Age

Jhukar and Jhangar phases are collectively called Jhukar and Jhangar culture (1900 - 1500 BCE). Cemetery H culture (subculture of Late Harrapan IVC phase) in Punjab was contemporaneous to Jhukar-Jhangar culture (subculture of late Harrapan IVC phase) in Sindh, both have evidence of continuity and change. Jhukar culture is associated with the sites excavated at Jhukar, Chanchudaro and Amri (Amri also as an earlier and distinct Amri culture belonging to earlier phases of IVC).[2] Rangpur culture in Gujarat, also part of late phase of IVC, was also contemporaneous to both.

The pottery of this phase is described as "showing some continuity with mature Harappan pottery traditions."[3] During this phase, urban features of cities (such as Mohenjo-Daro) disappeared, and artifacts such as stone weights and female figurines became rare. This phase is characterized by some circular stamp seals with geometric designs, although lacking the Indus script which characterized the preceding phase of the civilization. Script is rare and confined to potsherd inscriptions.[4] There was also a decline in long-distance trade.[5]

See also

References
  1. Langer, William L., ed. (1972). An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 17. ISBN 0-395-13592-3.
  2. Upinder Singh, 2008, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century, Pearson Education, p. 211.
  3. Upinder Singh (2008), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, p.211
  4. Singh (2008)
  5. J.M. Kenoyer (2006), "Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition. In Historical Roots" in the Making of ‘the Aryan’, R. Thapar (ed.), pp. 21–49. New Delhi, National Book Trust.
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