Job 25

Job 25 is the 25th chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE.[3][4] This chapter records the speech of Bildad the Shuhite (one of Job's friends), which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.[5][6]

Job 25
The whole Book of Job in the Leningrad Codex (1008 C.E.) from an old fascimile edition.
BookBook of Job
Hebrew Bible partKetuvim
Order in the Hebrew part3
CategorySifrei Emet
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part18

Text

The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 6 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[7]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC; some extant ancient manuscripts of this version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[8]

Analysis

The structure of the book is as follows:[9]

  • The Prologue (chapters 1–2)
  • The Dialogue (chapters 3–31)
  • The Verdicts (32:1–42:6)
  • The Epilogue (42:7–17)

Within the structure, chapter 25 is grouped into the Dialogue section with the following outline:[10]

  • Job's Self-Curse and Self-Lament (3:1–26)
  • Round One (4:1–14:22)
  • Round Two (15:1–21:34)
  • Round Three (22:1–27:23)
    • Eliphaz (22:1–30)
    • Job (23:1–24:25)
    • Bildad: Humans Are Worthless before God (25:1–6)
    • Job (26:1–27:23)
  • Interlude – A Poem on Wisdom (28:1–28)
  • Job's Summing Up (29:1–31:40)

The Dialogue section is composed in the format of poetry with distinctive syntax and grammar.[5] Comparing the three cycles of debate, the third (and final) round can be seen as 'incomplete', because there is no speech from Zophar and the speech by Bildad is very short (6 verses only), which may indicate as a symptom of disintegration of the friends' arguments.[11] Clearly Bildad has little to say and running out of steam before he (and the other two friends, Eliphaz and Zophar) tail off into silence.[12] The dialogue between Job and his three friends is practically over, with neither Job nor the friends getting closer in their positions to each other.[12] Bildad's strong belief in the retribution theology makes him to see that humans are worthless and contemptible before the transcendent God who establishes "order" (literally "peace") in heavens (verse 2; cf. Genesis 1:2–3; Job 9:13; 26:12–13; comparable to the defeat of chaos in the Babylonian and Canaanite myth).[13] This speech adds little because it seems like a mechanical repetition of what Eliphaz has said in his first two speeches (Job 4:17; 15:14; and concurred by Job in Job 9:2; 14:4) that no one is righteous before God and Job has accepted that he is a sinner, only that Job still questions his sufferings compared to other sinners.[14]

"Job and his three friends". From: The story of the Bible from Genesis to Revelation (1873).

Verses 5–6
[Bildad said:] "5Behold, even the moon does not shine,
and the stars are not pure in His sight;
6how much less man, who is a maggot?
And the son of man, who is a worm?"[15]
  • "Pure": here refers to the star brightness which, as the moonlight, can be obscured by clouds, to describe the moral impurities of human before the righteous God.[16]
  • "Maggot": paralleled with "worm" to describe 'man in his lowest and most ignominious shape'.[17][18] Bildad misconstrues God as viewing humans with utter revulsion as just maggots and worms.[16]

See also

References
  1. Halley 1965, pp. 245–246.
  2. Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  3. Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 193.
  4. Crenshaw 2007, p. 332.
  5. Crenshaw 2007, p. 335.
  6. Wilson 2015, p. 18.
  7. Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.
  8. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  9. Wilson 2015, pp. 17–23.
  10. Wilson 2015, pp. 18–21.
  11. Wilson 2015, p. 116.
  12. Estes 2013, p. 152.
  13. Estes 2013, pp. 152–153.
  14. Wilson 2015, p. 126.
  15. Job 25:5–6 MEV
  16. Estes 2013, p. 154.
  17. Note on Job 25:6 in NET Bible
  18. Note on Job 24:12 in ESV

Sources
  • Alter, Robert (2010). The Wisdom Books: Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes: A Translation with Commentary. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0393080735.
  • Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288810.
  • Crenshaw, James L. (2007). "17. Job". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 331–355. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  • Estes, Daniel J. (2013). Walton, John H.; Strauss, Mark L. (eds.). Job. Teach the Text Commentary Series. United States: Baker Publishing Group. ISBN 9781441242778.
  • Farmer, Kathleen A. (1998). "The Wisdom Books". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (eds.). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-66425652-4.
  • Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
  • Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick J. (2009). An Introduction to the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4636-5.
  • Walton, John H. (2012). Job. United States: Zondervan. ISBN 9780310492009.
  • Wilson, Lindsay (2015). Job. United States: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9781467443289.
  • Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
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