Johannes Bugenhagen

Bugenhagen was born in Wollin (now Wolin), Duchy of Pomerania, on 24 June 1485 as one of three children of local Ratsherr Gerhard Bugenhagen. From 1502 to 1504, he studied artes at the University of Greifswald. In 1504, he moved to Treptow an der Rega (now Trzebiatów) and became the rector of the local school.[4] Though he had not studied theology, he was ordained as a priest at St. Mary's Church in Treptow in 1509, and served as a vicar at the Kanonikerkolleg of that church thereafter.[1]

In 1517, abbot Johann Boldewan called Bugenhagen to serve as a Biblical lecturer at his nearby Belbuck Abbey, where the two became the core of a Humanist circle.[1] Duke Bogislav X of Pomerania ordered Bugenhagen to write down the history of Pomerania in Latin. The year 1518 is the beginning of historical writing of the combined territory Pomerania.

Bugenhagen first encountered the theology of Luther in the reformer's Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church[4] in 1520. At first he did not like Luther's thoughts at all. However, once he had studied it more, Bugenhagen became a supporter of the Reformation and moved to Wittenberg in 1521.[4]

Johannes Bugenhagen by Lucas Cranach the elder 1532. Some assert that it depicts Christoph Ering (de), another Lutheran reformer.

In Wittenberg, Bugenhagen was elected parish pastor on 25 October 1523,[5] making him Martin Luther's pastor and confessor.[6] He was a member of Luther's team translating the Holy Bible from Greek and Hebrew to German, and opened the debate on Ulrich Zwingli's reforms.[6]

By 1523, his private lectures had become well known, so he was called to lecture the following years at the Leucorea, the university in Wittenberg[7] (today Martin Luther University). In March 1524 the printer Adam Petri of Basel printed his "Interpretations of the Psalms" (Lat.Librum Psalmorum interpretatio) in the latin language.[8] The cover was cut after a drawing by Hans Holbein the Younger depicting biographical events of Davids life in relation to the New Testament.[9] The book saw four further editions in the latin language within half a year.[8] A second edition by Adam Petri in August, one by Johannes Petreius in Nuremberg and also by Johannes Knobloch in Strassburg.[8] Another one is assumed to have been printed by Johann Schöffer in Mainz.[8] Two years later, a German translation was printed by Adam Petri in which for the Psalms text, the German translation by Martin Luther were used.[10] Bugenhagen was regarded as one of the most important teachers and practitioners of biblical interpretation in the Wittenberg-centered Protestant Reformation, ordaining a generation of Lutheran pastors who were educated at this university.[6]

Die Predigt rechter Altarflügel der Vorderseite des Altars der Wittenberger Stadtkirche by Lucas Cranach the Elder. Note the keys of the kingdom in Bugenhagen's hands

On 17 March 1533,[11] he was promoted doctor of theology at the university of Wittenberg, together with Johannes Aepinus and Kaspar Cruciger.[11][12] The promotion was supervised by Martin Luther, based on Philipp Melanchthon's theses, financed and attended by Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, and formally granted by deacon Justus Jonas. With the ceremony in Wittenberg's castle church (Schloßkirche),[11] Aepinus, Bugenhagen and Cruciger became the first three Protestant doctors of theology.[12]

While theological doctoral promotions had been suspended in Wittenberg for the preceding eight years,[13] the promotion of Aepinus had become necessary as the Hamburg burghers demanded their new superintendent to bear the title of a doctor.[12][nb 1] Melanchthon had written the speech for Jonas which laid the foundation of a Protestant doctorate, and Frederick III "the Wise" sponsored a subsequent celebration to introduce the new Protestant doctorate to the theological world.[11]

After he had outlined his reform ideas in a letter to the Hamburg community, Bugenhagen was the most important figure in the Protestant Reformation in Northern Germany and Scandinavia.[6] He took an active lead in creating new church orders (Kirchenordnungen) for Hildesheim (1544),[6] Hamburg (1528/29),[6][14] Lübeck (1530–1532),[6] the Duchy of Pomerania (1534/5),[6] East Frisia (1534/5),[6] Schleswig-Holstein (1542),[15] Braunschweig (1528),[6][14] Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1543),[6] and Denmark-Norway (1537),[15] where he also crowned Christian III.[16]

This earned him later the epithet "Second Apostle of the North".[17] Not only did he create the new rules, he also established them and persuaded people to follow them. Bugenhagen produced rules and regulations for religious service, for schooling, and for social issues of the church. In 1539, he became superintendent of the Lutheran Church in Saxony.

Also in 1539, Bugenhagen reformed the Pomeranian University of Greifswald, which he "re-founded" as a Protestant university, modelled after the university of Wittenberg.[18]

The grave of Johannes Bugenhagen in St. Mary's Church, Wittenberg

After the death of Luther in 1546, Bugenhagen took care of Luther's widow and children. Bugenhagen died in Wittenberg in 1558 and was buried at St. Mary's Church (Stadtkirche Wittenberg). The church also contains a memorial painting to Bugenhagen by Lucas Cranach the Younger depicting the baptism of Jesus Christ in the River Jordan by John the Baptist (with the whole Bugenhagen family watching).

Other than for his theological opinions, Bugenhagen was also well known because of his organising ability. Bugenhagen was also appreciated for his work in making a Middle Low German translation of Luther's Bible in 1534.

Johannes Bugenhagen was always a pastor at heart, and because of his love for music, his family coat of arms shows a harp.