John Eaton (politician)

John Eaton was born on June 18, 1790, near Scotland Neck, Halifax County, North Carolina[2] to John and Elizabeth Eaton.[3] The elder John Eaton was a furniture maker who served as county coroner and member of the North Carolina House of Representatives.[4] Eaton's uncle, Major Pinketham Eaton (sometimes spelled Pinkerton), was a Continental Army officer who died in combat during the Revolutionary War. The first Eaton forebear in America was Andrew Eaton, a watchmaker from Godalming, Surrey born in 1678 who emigrated to North Carolina in 1699.[5] Eaton's father owned a large amount of land in middle Tennessee, and the 1790 census lists him as the owner of 12 slaves.[4] The younger Eaton attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1802 to 1804.[2][6] He then studied law, attained admission to the bar, and moved to Franklin, Tennessee, where he established a law practice.[7]

Eaton became active in the Tennessee militia, and attained the rank of major.[8] He developed a close friendship with Andrew Jackson, and served as an aide to Jackson during the Creek War and the War of 1812. Eaton took part in all Jackson's major campaigns.[9] He supported Jackson's controversial decision in November 1814 to attack Pensacola in Spanish Florida, claiming that Spain had put herself in a belligerent position by allowing its territory to be occupied by British soldiers.[10] Eaton participated in the Battle of New Orleans.[9] After the war, Jackson took command of the Southern U.S. Army District with his headquarters at his home, The Hermitage. Eaton served on his staff.[11] Eaton later became a major proponent of Jackson's presidential candidacy.[9] He also wrote the epitaph on Rachel Jackson's grave.[12]

John Reid, another Jackson aide, began a biography of Jackson in 1816, but died after writing only four chapters. Eaton finished the book, which was published as The Life of Andrew Jackson in 1817. This book was revised and republished in 1824 and 1828. It became a major primary reference for future Jackson biographers.[4][13]

From 1815 to 1816, Eaton was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives. In 1818, he was elected to serve as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee, and he served until 1829. His age of 28 at the time of his entry to the Senate was notable; it contradicted the U.S. Constitution's requirement that all senators be at least 30 years old. Eaton's age of 28 makes him the youngest person ever known to have served in the Senate.[1][2][14]

Eaton as a senator

Eaton was a slaveowner,[15] but, unlike many Southerners, he supported the Missouri Compromise of 1820. On March 11, 1820, in a letter to Jackson, he claimed that "it has preserved piece and dissipated angry feelings, and dispelled appearances which seemed dark and horrible and threatening to the interest and harmony of the nation."[16] He remained a close friend of Jackson, and while in the Senate supported the Jacksonian movement. He urged Jackson to accept an appointment as Governor of the newly acquired Florida Territory in 1821, which he did.[17] From 1827 to 1829, Eaton served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia.[7]

In 1822, Eaton and William Berkeley Lewis attempted to nominate a candidate before the Tennessee legislature to oppose incumbent U.S. Senator John Williams, who was openly against Jackson's candidacy for president in 1824 presidential election. After being unable to find a viable candidate, they nominated Jackson himself.[18] The strategy was successful, and Jackson won.[19] Eaton also helped advance Jackson's campaign for president through the Letters of Wyoming, which were printed in newspapers. In them, Eaton praised Jackson's record. He celebrated even some of Jackson's most controversial actions, such as the suspension of habeas corpus in New Orleans in 1815. "Washington would have done the same," he asserted.[20]

In 1825, Eaton received an honorary degree (Master of Arts) from the University of North Carolina.[4] Eaton supported the Tariff of 1828, or the "Tariff of Abominations."[21]

In 1813, Eaton married his first wife, Myra Lewis (1788–1815), the daughter of William Terrell Lewis, a prominent Tennessee businessman and landowner.[5] After the death of their father, Jackson and his wife became Myra's and her sister Mary's guardians, and Eaton's marriage to Myra Lewis strengthened his relationship with Jackson.[4]

Eaton married his second wife Peggy O'Neill Timberlake (1799–1879) in 1829, while serving in the Senate.[22] She was the mother of three children; a son William, who died as an infant, and daughters Virginia and Margaret.[23][24] Eaton had been a longtime friend of Peggy Timberlake and her husband John B. Timberlake, and John Timberlake had died only a few months before Eaton married his widow.[25] Jackson knew and liked Peggy Eaton and encouraged Eaton to marry her, telling him "Why yes, Major. If you love the woman, and she will have you, marry her by all means."[26] He asked Eaton to marry her as soon as possible.[27] Eaton had no children with either wife.[24]

Eaton as governor of Florida

Following his resignation as Secretary of War, Eaton returned to Tennessee. His wife suffered a period of ill health after arriving.[54] Jackson planned to replace him in the War Department with Tennessee senator Hugh Lawson White. This would vacate White's senate seat, which Eaton would presumably fill. However, White refused the cabinet position despite much prodding from Jackson. Eaton attempted to return to the Senate by running against incumbent Felix Grundy in 1832.[55] Jackson officially remained neutral during the election, as Grundy was also a Democrat,[56] and Eaton was defeated.[55] He served as a delegate to the 1832 Democratic National Convention. In a letter to Jackson before the convention, Eaton declared his strong support for Jackson's choice of Van Buren for vice president. He also requested that several of his friends be given appointments in the administration.[54]

Eaton later received appointments that took him away from Washington, D.C. He served first as Governor of the Florida Territory from 1834 to 1836.[7] In 1835, violence began to escalate between the Seminole Indians and white settlers. Members of the Seminole had signed Treaty of Payne's Landing in which they agreed to move westward. However, many began to resist. Eaton warned Jackson against an excessive show of military force, fearing that this would only provoke the Seminole further. Jackson heeded his advice at first, but continuing to do so proved impossible, as Seminole attacks continued. The violence eventually led to the Second Seminole War.[57]

In 1836,[7] Eaton was replaced as governor by Richard K. Call.[58] Later that year, he was appointed Ambassador to Spain, and he served until April 1840. His tenure was undistinguished;[59] a predecessor in the post, Cornelius P. Van Ness, strongly castigated Eaton, reporting that the Spanish government thought little of Eaton's abilities.[60] He believed Eaton to be "not only incapable of putting together two common ideas but of comprehending a single one," and contended that Eaton's work habits could best be described as "indolent."[60] He also indicated that Mrs. Eaton engaged in spreading gossip about Van Buren, and that her manner was forward enough that the Spanish government considered her to be the "real" minister.[60] Finally, Van Ness accused the Eatons of drinking excessively, writing that "he and she regularly dispose of two bottles of rum of the strongest kind in the spirit of three days; this is, four glasses each and every day, besides wine: and while they are taking it and he chewing, she smokes her cigars."[59]

Upon returning from Spain, Eaton announced that he was unwilling to support Van Buren's campaign for reelection to the presidency in 1840.[61] He endorsed Van Buren's opponent, William Henry Harrison. Supposedly, this action was rooted in Eaton's displeasure over the way he was allegedly treated by Van Buren while serving as Ambassador to Spain. "My friend Maj. Eaton comes home not in good humor. He says he has been dismissed," Jackson wrote.[59] The declaration deeply upset Jackson, who in a letter to Blair went so far as to accuse Eaton of having "apostatised and taken the field with the piebald opposition of abolitionists, antimasons and blue light federalists."[62] Eaton officially joined the Whig Party,[63] but for the remainder of his life was not politically active.[4] He and Jackson encountered each other in 1840 while Jackson was travelling throughout Tennessee to campaign for Van Buren. According to Remini, "both men behaved properly."[64] Jackson biographer James Parton wrote in 1860 that Eaton and Jackson remained unreconciled.[65] However, 21st century historian John F. Marszalek claims that the two men did reconcile with each other just before Jackson's death in 1845.[66]

Eaton and his wife lived comfortably in retirement in Washington, D.C. He resumed his law practice, and he and his wife returned to Franklin during the summers.[66] Eaton chose not to join any church,[4] but figured prominently in Washington social circles.[22] He was president of the Washington Bar Association. Eaton and his wife were once again reported to have drunk to excess, and he was criticized for taking up a legal case against Amos Kendall, a staunch Jacksonian who had defended the Eatons' conduct during the Petticoat affair.[59] Eaton died in Washington on November 17, 1856, at age 66. His funeral was conducted at his residence. Eaton was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington.[4]

Contemporary William Joseph Snelling, in his 1831 biography of Jackson, strongly criticizes Eaton. Of Eaton's Jackson biography, he writes, "it is hard to say which is more disgraced, the hero [Jackson] or the historian. The book contains scarcely a period of good English, but makes amends by abundance of fulsome adulation, by the omission of many disgraceful acts and the palliation of others."[28] By 1831, Snelling says, he had become "the laughing-stock of the nation."[42] Remini says that "the entire Eaton affair might be termed infamous. It ruined reputations and terminated friendships. And it was all so needless."[46]

In spite of this, an obituary published in Washington's Daily National Intelligencer spoke favorably of Eaton. It noted that after his death Chief Justice Roger B. Taney had adjourned a session of the Supreme Court early in order that those present could attend the funeral.[4]

Eaton's biography of Jackson has remained an important source for historians, particularly with regard to Jackson's military career. An edition of the work, edited by Frank Lawrence Owsley, was published in 1974.[67] Owlsey's edition includes the original work with later changes noted in the appendages.[68] He says in the introduction that the original work, published in 1817, is "by far the superior historical account,"[69] on account of the later editions being published for partisan purposes as campaign literature. According to Owsley, the later editions excised anything that could be seen as critical of Jackson, anything that gave credit to others over or with him, and any criticism of people that was seen as politically damaging, while adding praise for Jackson. Owsley attributes many of the unfavorable reviews of Eaton's work to people using the later editions and not realizing the extent to which they were revised from the original.[70]

Eaton County, Michigan, is named in Eaton's honor.[71]

• List of federal political sex scandals in the United States
• List of youngest members of the United States Congress

• "Eaton, John Henry" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
• "Eaton, John Henry" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
• John Eaton at Find a Grave
• Eaton, John Henry (1824). The Life of Andrew Jackson. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Samuel F. Bradford.