June 1920

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June 4, 1920: Hungary signs treaty at Trianon, loses 2/3rds of its territory (in green) to four nations
June 22, 1920: The pop-up toaster is invented
June 12, 1920: "Dark horse" Warren G. Harding nominated for U.S. president after Republican Party deadlock
June 15, 1920: White mob storms police station in Duluth, Minnesota, lynches three black inmates

Tuesday, June 1, 1920
  • Adolfo de la Huerta was sworn into office as President of Mexico.[1][2] The former Governor of Mexico's Sonora state had prompted the revolution that had toppled the government of President Carranza in May.
  • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's request to Congress to agree to a U.S. mandate over Armenia, similar to the British and French mandates over former Ottoman territories in the Middle East, was rejected by the U.S. Senate, 52 to 23.[3]
  • The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Hawke v. Smith that Ohio could not hold a referendum to reverse its ratification of the Prohibition amendment (the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution), holding that after the constitution is amended, the ratification cannot be taken back. Ohio, which had become the 36th and ratifying state in 1919, had authorized the holding of a public vote on the issue of retraction, but a restraining order had been issued by a lower court to prevent the printing of ballots. The ruling also meant that state legislatures couldn't take back ratifications of the 19th Amendment permitting women's suffrage.[4]
  • The Supreme Court ruled also that the salaries paid to the U.S. president and to federal judges were tax-exempt income.[2]
  • Born: Colonel Amos Yarkoni, Bedouin Arab Muslim who became a decorated officer within the Israel Defense Forces; as Abd el-Majid Hidr in Na'ura (d. 1991)

Wednesday, June 2, 1920
  • In the first known U.S. presidential veto of a bill because of bad grammar, President Wilson vetoed House Resolution 7629, an amendment to the federal penal code that added "licentious motion-picture films" to the list of items not permitted to be transported across state lines [5] Writing "I return herewith without my signature" House Resolution 7629, Wilson noted that the phrase "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" was in the wrong place in a sentence and that "an obvious error has occurred" and that "I have had the change definitely indicated by appropriate pencil marks."[6] p36. Congressman Thomas L. Blanton of Texas urged a new resolution, saying "There is nothing improper in the President of the United States correcting the English of the House or Senate, is there?" and his colleague Joseph Walsh of Massachusetts replied (with bad grammar), "Not at all; not when their English is incorrect."[6] House Resolution 14384 was hastily passed with the corrected version and signed by Wilson on the same day.
  • Dr. Manuel Gondra was elected as the President of Paraguay by the national legislature.[7] Gondra had previously served as acting president for seven weeks in 1911, and had later been the Paraguayan Ambassador to the United States.
  • Delaware rejected the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which was to provide women with the right to vote. The Delaware State Senate, on the final day of its annual session, voted 24 against and only 10 for the amendment [8] "The First State" would finally ratify on March 6, 1923, more than two years after the amendment had become part of the constitution.
  • Born:

Thursday, June 3, 1920

Friday, June 4, 1920
  • The Treaty of Trianon was signed between the Allied Powers of World War I, and Hungary, which lost 72% of its territory within the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. The treaty was so unpopular that the Hungarian government had difficulty in finding anyone willing to sign the treaty, until Minister Plenipotentiary Alfred Detrashe Lazas and Minister of Labor Auguste Bernard agreed to do the task of agreeing to the breakup.[10] A contributor to The Guardian called it "The most disastrous event in the long history of the ancient kingdom of Hungary was completed this afternoon in the long hall of the Grand Trianon at Versailles, when her two representatives put their signature at the foot of the treaty." [11]
  • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson vetoed the federal budget for the 1921 fiscal year, because it contained an amendment that interfered with his authority to remove executive branch appointees. The U.S. House of Representatives, holding a long session before adjournment for the summer, failed to override the veto in a vote taken after midnight.[12]

Saturday, June 5, 1920
  • The Merchant Marine Act of 1920, one of several different U.S. laws referred to as "The Jones Act", was signed into law. The new law released U.S. government control (during peacetime) of American merchant ships to private companies and provided that "No merchandise shall be transported by water... on penalty of forfeiture thereof... between points in the United States... in any other vessel than a vessel built in and documented under the laws of the United States and owned by persons who are citizens of the United States."[13] The law provides now that U.S. ships allowed to transport from one U.S. port to another must be owned by companies with at least 75% U.S. ownership, with a crew made up of at least 75% U.S. citizens, and must be built and registered in the U.S.[14] Critics of the Jones Act have described it as "an archaic, burdensome law" whose result has been "to impose significant costs on the U.S. economy while providing few of the promised benefits."[15]
  • Julius Lörzing became the first botanist to find the rare carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes spectabilis, which grows only in the mountains of island of Sumatra in Indonesia. Lörzing collected his specimen (Lörzing 7308) while climbing Mount Sibajak at an altitude of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft).
  • The United States Women's Bureau, which celebrates its centennial in 2020, was created as a federal agency within the U.S. Department of Labor.[16]
  • Born: Marion Motley, African-American professional football running back and one of the first black pro players after World War II, Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee; in Leesburg, Georgia (d. 1999)
  • Died:

Sunday, June 6, 1920


Monday, June 7, 1920
  • The Ku Klux Klan racist movement, the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, began a public relations campaign to increase its membership nationwide. The Klan hired the Southern Publicity Association, founded in Atlanta by Bessie Tyler of the Daughters of America, and Edward Young Clarke, an Imperial Wizard of the Klan Wyn.[19][20]
  • The U.S. Supreme Court upheld seven separate cases challenging the ratification of the unpopular Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the enforcement of its prohibition of the general sale of alcohol. The court also upheld a challenge to the Volstead Act's provision that limited the amount of alcoholic content in drink to no more than 0.5 percent or one proof.[21][22]
  • The Prime Minister of Portugal, António Maria Baptista, was conducting a meeting of his cabinet at Lisbon when he was "seized with an attack of congestion of the lungs" shortly after midnight.[23] Baptista was rushed to a hospital and died six hours later. José Ramos Preto, the Minister of Justice, was temporarily appointed to the position of prime minister.
  • President Huerta of Mexico announced that Congressional elections would be held on August 1, and a presidential election would take place on September 3.[2]

Tuesday, June 8, 1920
  • The 1920 Republican National Convention opened at the Chicago Coliseum.[24][25]
  • By a vote of 22 to 19 in favor of postponing consideration of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (granting women the right to vote nationwide), the Louisiana State Senate effectively rejected the measure.[26] Only one state's ratification remained necessary for the amendment, permitting women the right to vote in all elections, to go into effect. The postponement was a surprise, in that a report the day before indicated that passage by Louisiana's senate was expected after the resolution had been passed to a third reading.[27]

Wednesday, June 9, 1920
  • Leopold Skulski resigned as Prime Minister of Poland after six months, following the failure of Poland's effort to fight along with the Ukrainian Army against the Soviet Union.[28]
  • Italy's Prime Minister Francesco Nitti and his cabinet resigned.[29]
  • Fourteen passengers were killed when New York Central Railroad's Train Number 28 was struck from behind by another eastbound freight train near Schenectady, New York, after the NYCRR train stalled on the track because of a defective water pipe. The engineer for Train Number 34 of the Michigan Central Railroad, which had departed later on the eastbound track for the Buffalo to New York City route, reportedly drove through two warning signals and was the only casualty on his train [30] Two other people died from their injuries in the days after the accident.[31]

Thursday, June 10, 1920
  • Less than a week after signing the Treaty of Trianon, Hungary's Prime Minister Sándor Simonyi-Semadam resigned along with his cabinet.[32]
  • U.S. President Wilson signed the Federal Water Power Act (now the Federal Power Act) into law, giving the federal government jurisdiction over utility providers whose businesses were part of interstate commerce. The signing was not announced until one week later [33][34] The act created the Federal Power Commission within the U.S. Department of Commerce and, "in order to prevent private firms from monopolizing power resources", gave the FPC "authority to determine who could build power plants."[35]
  • Germany announced that it had successfully reduced the size of its army to 200,000 troops, in compliance with the Treaty of Versailles.[36]

Friday, June 11, 1920
Front runner Wood and eventual nominee Harding
Governor Lowden
  • The first four rounds of balloting taken for the presidential nomination were conducted at the 1920 Republican National Convention. As the session closed at 7:00 in the evening, no candidate had the required majority of the 940 delegates' votes. With 471 necessary to be nominated, Major General Leonard Wood was in first place at the end of the day, with 314½ votes and Illinois Governor Frank Lowden was second with 289. The next highest totals after four rounds were U.S. Senator Hiram Johnson of California (140½), Pennsylvania Governor William C. Sproul (79½) and U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio (61½) [37]
  • Austria's Chancellor Karl Renner and his cabinet resigned [38]
  • Born:
  • Died: Joseph B. Elwell, 47, American card game authority who wrote several bestselling books on the game of bridge, was murdered at his home on 244 West 17th Street in New York City. The crime was never solved.

Saturday, June 12, 1920
Senator Lenroot
  • On the tenth round of balloting at the Republican National Convention, U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio was approved as the party's nominee for president [39] The day opened with the fifth round of voting, and Harding was in sixth place (behind General Wood, Governor Lowden, Senator Johnson, Governor Sproul and Columbia University President Nicholas Murray Butler) with 65½ votes. On the next round, Harding moved into third place with 89 votes, while Wood and Lowden were tied for first with 311½ each. Harding steadily gained and, in the ninth round, gained 270 delegates that had shifted from Sproul and Lowden. Making a reference to the game of poker, Harding told reporters, "Well, you know how a fellow feels that holds a pair of eights and has to stay in and draws full."[40]
  • U.S. Senator Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin, who had agreed to serve as Harding's running mate, was rejected on the first round of balloting for the U.S. nominee Vice President, with Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge getting 674½ votes and Lenroot getting 146½.[41] Although a popular myth is that Lenroot turned down the chance to be Vice President (and with it, the presidency of the United States upon Harding's death in 1923), what actually happened was that the convention delegates went against the GOP leadership's recommendation. When U.S. Senator Medill McCormick began his nominating speech for Lenroot, a delegate from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, shouted "Coolidge! Coolidge!", and other delegates in the crowd took up the chant; when McCormick was finished, McCamant nominated Coolidge and the delegates voted in the governor's favor [42]
  • In fighting during the war between Russia and the combined armies of Poland and the Ukraine, a concentration of 30 divisions of the Soviet Red Army retook Kiev.[43]
  • John C. Koons, the Assistant Postmaster General of the United States, answered a request for an interpretation of postal regulations from the Washington D.C. postmaster Merritt Chance, and ruled that children could not be sent through the mail by parcel post[44] Mr. Chance had received three applications to send children under regulations that permitted live animals to be sent through the mail. Koons, reviewing the regulation, pointed out that it was limited to "harmless live animals which do not require food or water." However, the United States Postal Service historian would confirm in 2016 that, soon after the Post Office Department had created parcel post in 1913, there were several instances of children being shipped by railroad through parcel post, the last-known instance having been on August 31, 1915.[45][46]
  • The 1920 Belmont Stakes, final race of the American horse racing Triple Crown, was run with only two horses, heavily favored Man O'War, who won the 1 3⁄8–mile race (11 f; 2.2 km) by 20 lengths over Donnacona.[47]
  • Born: Dave Berg, American cartoonist noted for his "The Lighter Side of..." satires for MAD magazine; in Brooklyn (d. 2002)

Sunday, June 13, 1920
Essad Pasha
Crown Prince Bhuvanadh

Monday, June 14, 1920

Tuesday, June 15, 1920
Nellie Melba
  • Operatic soprano Nellie Melba became history's first well-known broadcaster when she sang two arias from a studio at Guglielmo Marconi's factory in Chelmsford, Essex, in England. The performance was sponsored by The Daily Mail newspaper in London.[52]
  • Three African-American circus workers were lynched after a mob of several thousand white people surrounded the police station in Duluth, Minnesota, where six workers were being held in the jail at East Second Avenue and First Street. Charged with rape, the men were then subjected to a mock trial and heard from the accusers and the accused. Three were returned to their cells, but Isaac McGhie, Elmer Jackson, and Elias Clayton were taken out to the street and hanged between 11:30 and 11:45 that night [53][54] In 2003, statues of the three men would be erected in Duluth.
  • Born: Alberto Sordi, Italian film actor and director, winner of seven David di Donatello film awards for Best Actor; in Rome (d. 2003)

Wednesday, June 16, 1920
Giolitti

Thursday, June 17, 1920

Friday, June 18, 1920
  • At Tirana, 330 Italian prisoners were killed in retaliation for the assassination of Essad Pasha.[63]
  • William Gibbs McAdoo, considered by many in the American press to be the likely Democratic nominee for president, announced that he would not permit his name to be put to a vote at the upcoming convention.[64] McAdoo reversed himself nine days later, announcing that he would accept if nominated.[65]
  • Born:
  • Died:

Saturday, June 19, 1920
Commandant Lejeune
  • Major General John A. Lejeune became Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, succeeding Major General George Barnett, by order of U.S. President Wilson. As Commandant of the U.S. Marines, Major General Lejeune demoted 23 major generals and 16 brigadier generals from their temporary wartime ranks given during World War I. Three major generals were reduced in rank to colonel (including Billy Mitchell, the Director of Military Aeronautics) while the other 20 were made brigadiers. Brigadier General Marlborough Churchill, a cryptanalyst in U.S. Army intelligence, was returned to his pre-war rank of major. It was expected that the reductions "will be only temporary, as new appointments must be made to fill vacancies which will occur when the army is reorganized under recent act of congress."[66]
  • Born: Eliana Navarro, Chilean poet, in Valparaíso (d. 2006)

Sunday, June 20, 1920

Monday, June 21, 1920
Chancellor Fehrenbach
  • Constantin Fehrenbach became the new Chancellor of Germany and, after one failed try, formed a new coalition government on June 25, composed of members of his own Centre Party (Zentrum) and the German Democrats (DDP) from the old coalition, but combining with the right-wing German People's Party (DVP) and without the Social Democrats (SPD).[68]
  • At Boulogne, financial experts for the Allied powers announced that Germany's reparations for World War One should be fixed at 111 billion Deutschmarks (equivalent to 25 billion U.S. dollars),[69] payable in gold at a minimum of three billion Deutschmarks (US$610,000,000) per year, to be completed by the year 1957, unless Germany recovered its prosperity, in which case the minimum payment would be changed according to an index.[56]
  • Italy withdrew all of its troops from Montenegro.[70]
  • The U.S. Army began issuing a new honor, the World War I Victory Medal.
  • Born: Hans Gerschwiler, Swiss figure skater and 1947 world championship gold medalist; in Winterthur (d. 2017)

Tuesday, June 22, 1920

Wednesday, June 23, 1920
  • Charles F. Murphy, who had been the leader of New York City's Democratic Party political machine as "Boss Murphy of Tammany Hall", was indicted along with other political officials in the city, on charges of conspiracy to defraud the government of excess profits taxes.[75]

Thursday, June 24, 1920
  • Władysław Grabski became the new Prime Minister of Poland, succeeding Leopold Skulski[76]
  • The British Army restored order in Derry by driving fighting Catholic Nationalist and Protestant Unionist factions off of the streets and out of their strongholds. According to the British authorities, 17 people had been killed and 29 injured in four days of rioting [77]
  • Greek troops in Turkey captured the city of Alaşehir, which had been known until the fall of the Byzantine Empire as Philadélphia, and took 8,000 Turkish prisoners.[78] The city of Akhisar fell on the same day.[56]
  • The Northern Baptist Convention, meeting in Buffalo, New York, became the second American denomination of Christian churches to vote to withdraw from the Interchurch World Movement effective June 30.[79] The members agreed to pay $2.5 million that it had pledged in the nationwide fundraiser by Protestant denominations in April, but to otherwise halt aid immediately. At the end of May, the Presbyterian Church terminated its association with the Interchurch movement.

Friday, June 25, 1920
Alessandri
Kitty Gordon
  • Arturo Alessandri won the 1920 Chilean presidential election. This was the last Chilean election to have been decided by the Chilean electoral college.[80] Luis Barros Borgoño won a majority of popular votes by a margin of 1,007 votes (83,100 to 82,083) but Alessandri had 179 electoral votes to Barros's 175.[81]
  • Russia's White Army General Pyotr Wrangel defeated the Soviet army in the Crimea and captured 10,000 prisoners.[82]
  • Kitty Gordon, British stage actress who had left London to perform in the United States, accidentally shot and wounded another actor while she was performing in a vaudeville show.[83] Miss Gordon's partner in the vaudeville act, Jack Wilson, had brought along a pistol "for the double duty of serving as a stage 'prop' and guarding Miss Gordon's '$250,000 worth of jewels'." While reloading the gun with blanks, Wilson overlooked having a loaded cartridge in the chamber. Waiting off stage was the next act in the program, the acrobatic trio of Page, Hack and Mack. The bullet struck Joseph A. Hack and wounded him. Hack was hospitalized, but recovered from his injuries [84]
  • Born:

Saturday, June 26, 1920
  • Royal Navy battleships from the United Kingdom aided the Greek invasion of Turkey by bombarding the city of İzmit, a base of operations for Turkish nationalists. A dispatch from Greece reported that 1,000 Turks had been killed [85]
  • António Maria da Silva formed a new government for Portugal, replacing José Ramos Preto as Prime Minister of Portugal. Ramos had served for 11 days before resigning on June 18.[86]
  • Lou Gehrig, a 17-year old player for the New York School of Commerce high school team, got his first publicity for his baseball ability in the "World Series of High Schools" tournament held at Cubs Park in Chicago.[87] In front of 10,000 spectators, Gehrig hit a grand slam home run over the right field wall in the ninth inning for a 12 to 6 win over Chicago's Lane Tech High School. Several newspapers, including the New York Daily News, misspelled the future Hall of Famer's name in their reports.[88][89][90]

Sunday, June 27, 1920
  • British Army Brigadier General Cuthbert Lucas was kidnapped by the Sinn Féin in Ireland while fishing on the River Blackwater near Fermoy in County Cork.[91][92] After a month in captivity and the threat of execution, General Lucas was able to escape on July 30.[93]
  • Bertram G. Goodhue was selected as the architect for the new Nebraska State Capitol, as a panel of three non-resident architects favored his 15-story tall proposal over nine other plans that were submitted. One newspaper referred to Goodhue's design as a "freak type of tower" and a "Woolworth building capitol" favored by a group of outsiders that "was evidently partial to the New York skyscraper style of architecture," and complained that "The capitol commission had previously tied its own hands to such an extent that it was forced to take the 'jury's' selection and could not use its own judgment, if it had so desired, in giving the preference to something more suited to Nebraska's conditions and western ideals." [94]
  • Born: Fernando Riera, Chilean football player who played for (1942-1950) and later managed (1958-1962) the Chile national football team in World Cup competition; in Santiago (d. 2010)
  • Died: Adolphe-Basile Routhier, 81, Canadian judge and author of the French lyrics to the anthem "O Canada"

Monday, June 28, 1920
  • The Democratic Party National Convention opened at San Francisco [95]
  • Governor of Tennessee Albert H. Roberts announced that he would call a special session of the state legislature after the state Democratic primaries, directing the state senators and representatives to meet on August 9 for purposes of considering the proposed 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, granting all American women the right to vote.[96] At the time, 35 of the 48 U.S. states had ratified the amendment, and only one more was required to provide the necessary two-thirds for it to become law.
  • U.S. Army Sergeant Boterill inadvertently set a record for highest altitude for a parachute jump, when a high wind opened his chute while he was riding in a two-seat airplane at 20,000 feet (6,100 m) near Dayton, Ohio. Botterill sustained a broken arm when he struck the plane's rudder and was reportedly "carried for miles by the wind before he descended nearly four miles to the earth."[97]
  • Born: Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon, British socialite who was the niece of Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the wife of Prime Minister Anthony Eden; as Anne Clarissa Spencer-Churchill in Kensington (living in 2021)

Tuesday, June 29, 1920
  • Warren G. Harding, the Republican nominee for the U.S. presidential election recorded a campaign speech to be duplicated on phonographic records that could be played at political rallies [98] The theme of Harding's address was "America First", with the closing statement "Call it the selfishness of nationality if you will; I think it an inspiration to patriotic devotion; to safeguard America first; to stabilize America first; to exalt America first; and to live for and revere America first.".[99] Harding and vice-presidential nominee Calvin Coolidge, who recorded a separate speech, made few public appearances during the actual campaign. The records were put in circulation on July 4.
  • Born: Ray Harryhausen, American film animator and pioneer in special effects, particularly the perfection of stop motion; in Los Angeles (d. 2013)

Wednesday, June 30, 1920
  • The month of June, 1920, closed with the highest ever inflation rate that has ever been recorded by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, with the Consumer Price Index later showing the annual inflation rate peaking, with prices for consumer goods and services being 23.7 percent higher in June 1920 than they had been more than they had been at the end of June 1919.[100] In the 12 months that followed June 1920, prices went back down 15.8 percent.[101][102]
  • The Turkish delegation to the Paris peace conference announced that it would recognize the independence of Armenia, Hedjaz (now Saudi Arabia), Syria (now Syria and Lebanon), Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and Palestine (now Israel and Jordan).[103] Turkey also renounced its rights to former territory in Egypt, to control the Suez Canal and the Sudan, and to eight islands in the Aegean Sea, as well as recognizing France's protectorates over Tunisia and Morocco and the United Kingdom's annexation of Cyprus. The Turks refused to cede the city of İzmir (Smyrna) and protested the cession of Eastern Thrace to Greece.[104]
  • Born:

References
  1. "Huerta Takes Reins and Sits Mexican Saddle— He Rules as Provisional President", Chicago Tribune, June 3, 1920, p6
  2. "Record of Current Events", The American Review of Reviews Volume 62 (July, 1920), pp24-28
  3. "Wilson's Plea for Armenian Mandate Denied— Senate Opposes Act by a Heavy Vote, Chicago Tribune, June 2, 1920, p5
  4. "Dry Ruling Aids Suffrage—Referendum in Ohio Is Ruled Out", Chicago Tribune, June 2, 1920, p1
  5. "'Bad Grammar' of House Bill Draws a Veto from Wilson", The New York Times, June 3, 1920, p1
  6. Presidential Vetoes: List of Bills Vetoed and Action Taken Thereon by the Senate or House of Representatives (1889 — 1956)
  7. "Dr. Gondra to Be New President of Paraguay", Washington Evening Star, June 3, 1920, p2
  8. "Delaware Vote Defeats Suffrage", The New York Times, June 3, 1920, p3
  9. "New U.S. Super-Dreadnought Has 'Fighting Brain' Enclosed in Steel", Ottawa Journal, June 3, 1920, p1
  10. "Hungary Signs Terms of Peace", Washington Evening Star, June 4, 1920, p1
  11. "Hungary Signs— How a Budapest Editor Viewed It", The Guardian (Manchester), June 5, 1920, p1
  12. "House Upholds Wilson's Veto of Budget Bill", Chicago Tribune, June 5, 1920, p1
  13. "Merchant Marine Act, 1920
  14. "Jones Act: Critical to Economic and National Security", U.S. Transportation Institute
  15. "The Jones Act: A Burden America Can No Longer Bear"
  16. "Our History", U.S. Women's Bureau website
  17. "Fall of German Government Is Seen in Election Returns", New York Tribune, June 8, 1920, p1
  18. "Mueller Tries Desperately to Form Ministry", Chicago Tribune, June 10, 1920, p13
  19. Craig Wade, The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America (Oxford University Press, 1998 pp154-155
  20. "On this day— June 7, 1920: Ku Klux Klan Mounts Publicity Campaign to Attract Members", Equal Justice Initiative
  21. "Supreme Court Ruling Makes U.S. Bone Dry— Amendment 18 and Volstead Law O.K.", Chicago Tribune, June 8, 1920, p1
  22. "National Prohibition Cases", 253 U.S. 350 (1920), Justia.com
  23. "Portugal Premier Dies Suddenly", Wilkes-Barre (PA) Times Leader, June 7, 1920, p12
  24. "Convention Opens with Nomination in Doubt", New York Evening World, June 8, 1920, p1
  25. "Platform Fight Starts as the Convention Opens", The New York Times, June 9, 1920, p1
  26. "Senate Rejects Suffrage Plea in Louisiana", Chicago Tribune, June 9, 1920, p1
  27. "Suffrage Near Senate Victory in Louisiana", Chicago Tribune, June 8, 1920, p1
  28. "Polish Cabinet Quits in Buffer State Dispute", New York Tribune, June 11, 1920, p12
  29. "Nitti Cabinet in Italy Quits Amid Disorder— Deputies Oppose High Bread Prices", Chicago Tribune, June 10, 1920, p15
  30. "Fourteen Killed in N.Y. Central Wreck Near Schenectady", Buffalo Express, June 10, 1920, p3
  31. "Blame Engineer for Wreck", Buffalo Express, June 10, 1920, p2
  32. "Cabinet Quits as Red Terror Sweeps Hungary", Chicago Tribune, June 11, 1920, p5
  33. "Wilson Approves Water Power Act", Washington Times, June 19, 1920, p3
  34. "Federal Water Power Act Expected to Remedy High Cost of Living Evil— Measure Just Signed Regarding Greatest Conservaation Step", by Rome G. Brown, Minneapolis Sunday Tribune, June 20, 1920, p6
  35. Mark W. T. Harvey, A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement (University of Washington Press, 2011) p17
  36. "Germany Meets Terms on Reduction of the Army", Chicago Tribune, June 11, 1920, p1
  37. "4 BALLOTS TO A DEADLOCK— Wood Gets 314½; Lowden, 289; Johnson, 140½", Chicago Tribune, June 12, 1920, p1
  38. "Vienna Cabinet Resigns in Army Discipline Row", Chicago Tribune, June 12, 1920, p7
  39. "HARDING & COOLIDGE! Ohioan Wins on Tenth; Massachusetts Gets 2nd Place; Lowden Helps Senator Get 674 7-10 Votes", Chicago Tribune, June 13, 1920, p1
  40. "'Filled up on a Pair of Eights', Laughs Harding", Chicago Tribune, June 13, 1920, p1
  41. "Only Ballot on Vice President", Chicago Tribune, June 13, 1920, p2
  42. "Calvin Coolidge, 29th Vice President (1921-1923)", United States Senate website
  43. "Poles Admit Kiev Has Been Evacuated", Baltimore Sun, June 14, 1902, p1
  44. "Rules Mails Can't Carry Children— Assistant Postmaster General Decides They Are Not Harmless Animals", Washington Evening Star, June 12, 1920, p1
  45. "A Brief History of Children Sent Through the Mail", by Danny Lewis, Smithsonian magazine website, June 14, 2016
  46. "Parcel Post Baby Makes Trip Upon L. & E. Railroad", Louisville (KY) Courier-Journal, September 1, 1915, p2
  47. "Man O'War Sets New Record in Belmont Stake", Chicago Tribune, June 13, 1920
  48. "Albanian Envoy, Essad Pasha, Is Slain in Paris", Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1920, p1
  49. "Crown Prince of Siamese Dies of Pneumonia in India", Chicago Tribune, June 15, 1920, p3
  50. "New Governor General Appointed for Australia"", Chicago Tribune, June 15, 1920, p3
  51. CIS Index to Presidential Executive Orders & Proclamations, Part I: Apr. 30, 1789 to Mar. 4, 1921, George Washington to Woodrow Wilson (Congressional Information Service, 1986) p225
  52. "A Newspaper's Use of the Radio Phone", The Wireless Age magazine (November 1920) p.10-11
  53. "Mob Hangs 3 in Duluth— 5,000 Persons Lynch Negroes to Avenge Girl", Chicago Tribune, June 16, 1920, p1
  54. "Lynched in the North", by Suzette Harrison, May 20, 2019
  55. "World Peace Court Opens at The Hague", The Pittsburgh Post, June 17, 1920, p5
  56. "Record of Current Events", The American Review of Reviews Volume 62 (August, 1920), pp135-140
  57. "British Exile Germans— Force 292 to Board Vessel in Quarantine— Seize Homes, Land, in Samoa", Chicago Daily Tribune, September 19, 1920, p1
  58. "Giolitti's New Cabinet Takes Oath of Office", Chicago Daily Tribune, June 17, 1920, p1
  59. "Bride in Detroit, Sailor on Ocean, Wed by Wireless", Chicago Daily Tribune, June 17, 1920, p1
  60. "Celebrate Union of Towns", Spokane (WA) Spokesman-Review, June 14, 1920, p8
  61. "Camas Prairie Towns United— Mock Wedding Feature", Spokane (WA) Spokesman-Review, June 19, 1920, p10
  62. "St. Joseph College for Women"
  63. "Albanians Kill 330 Italians to Avenge Essad", Chicago Tribune, June 19, 1920, p1
  64. "M'ADOO OUT OF RACE; Says 'Can't Afford It'", Chicago Tribune, June 17, 1920, p1
  65. "Friend Hurls M'Adoo's Hat Back in Ring", Chicago Tribune, June 28, 1920, p1
  66. "Peace Not Yet, but 32 Generals Lose War Rank", Chicago Tribune, June 20, 1920, p2
  67. "Town of Glasgow— The best kept secret in West Virginia"
  68. "German Cabinet Finally Formed by Fehrenbach", Chicago Tribune, June 26, 1920, p5
  69. "Allies Demand Germany Pay $25,000,000,000", Chicago Tribune, June 23, 1920, p7
  70. "Italians Quit Montenegro; Serb Troops Take Places", Chicago Tribune, June 22, 1920, p2
  71. U.S. Patent #1394450
  72. "Prince Arthur to Rule South African Union", June 23, 1920, p6
  73. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Nnappropriated Fund Activities within the Department of Defense (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972) p15608
  74. "Lester Wunderman, Direct Marketing Pioneer and Original ‘Mad Man,’ Dies at 98"; in the Bronx, New York City (d. 2019)
  75. "Tammany Boss Murphy and Five Others Indicted for Conspiracy", The Pittsburgh Post, June 24, 1920, p1
  76. "Grabski Heads New Polish Ministry", Des Moines (IA) Tribune, June 25, 1920, p1
  77. "Toll of Dead and Injured in Irish Clash", Chicago Tribune, June 25, 1920, p1
  78. "Greeks Capture 8000 Turkish Nationalists", Philadelphia Inquirer, June 26, 1920, p5
  79. "Baptists Quit 'Interchurch'; May Be the End", Chicago Tribune, June 25, 1920, p5
  80. "Chile Election Today— South American Republic to Choose New President", Wilmington (DE) Morning News, June 25, 1920, p10
  81. "Chilean Vote Is Close— Complete Count Gives Alessandri Electors; Borgono 175", Washington Post, July 5, 1920, p12
  82. "10,000 Reds Captured by Wrangel in Crimea", Chicago Tribune, June 26, 1920, p3
  83. "Kitty Gordon Shoots Actor During Play", Chicago Tribune, June 26, 1920, p1
  84. "Actor, Honored by Kitty's Shot, Grins, Forgives— She Can Fire Again for All He Cares", Chicago Tribune, June 27, 1920, p5
  85. "British Fleet Kills 1,000 Turks", New York Times, June 27, 1920, p1
  86. "Portugal Has New Cabinet", New York Tribune, June 28, 1920, p7
  87. "'World Series' of High Schools on Here Today", Chicago Tribune, June 26, 1920, p9
  88. "New York Preps down Lane Tech in Hitfest, 12-6; Gherig Swats Homer with the Bases Loaded", by James Crusenberry, Chicago Sunday Tribune, June 27, 1920, p2-1
  89. "Gherrig Features New York", Baltimore Sun, June 27, 1920, p22
  90. "Rousing Reception Awaits Return of Victorious Commerce Players", Daily News (New York), June 28, 1920, p28
  91. "Soldiers Loot an Irish Town— Revenge for Kidnapping of Brigadier General Lucas", Manchester Guardian, June 29, 1920, p9
  92. "Kidnap General and 2 Colonels in County Cork", Chicago Tribune, June 28, 1920, p11
  93. "General Lucas Escapes", The Times (London), July 31, 1920, p12
  94. "Architect Is Picked— 'Freak Type' of Tower Building Wins Prize", Lincoln (NE) Daily Star, June 28, 1920, p7
  95. "Democrats Off to Riproaring Old Time Start", Chicago Tribune, June 29, 1920, p1
  96. "Tennessee To Vote On Woman Suffrage In Special Session", Tampa Times, June 28, 1920, p1
  97. "Blown for Miles as He Falls 20,000 Ft. from Plane", Chicago Tribune, June 29, 1920, p1
  98. "Harding Opens Campaign Today in Phonograph— Speech on 'Americanism' to Be Distributed", Chicago Tribune, June 29, 1920, p6
  99. "America First, Harding's Plea to U.S. Millions", Chicago Tribune, June 30, 1920, p5
  100. "One hundred years of price change: the Consumer Price Index and the American inflation experience", U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review (April 2014)
  101. "Historical Inflation Rates: 1914-2020", US Inflation Calculator, Coin News Media Group LLC
  102. "Prices Hop 136 Pct. in Last Six Years", Akron (O.) Evening Times, August 12, 1920, p1
  103. "Turkish Delegations Recognize New States", Indianapolis Star, July 1, 1920, p3
  104. "Turkey Refuses to Yield Smyrna; Protests Against Allotment of Eastern Thrace to Greece by Allies; Rest of Treaty Accepted", The New York Times, July 1, 1920, p17
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