Juye Incident

The Juye Incident (Chinese: 曹州敎案 or 鉅野敎案; pinyin: Cáozhōu Jiào'àn or Jùyě Jiào'àn, German: Juye Vorfall) refers to the killing of two German Catholic missionaries, Richard Henle and Franz Xaver Nies, of the Society of the Divine Word, in Juye County Shandong Province, China in the night of 1–2 November 1897 (All Saints' Day to All Souls' Day).[1] The target of the attack, Georg Maria Stenz, survived unharmed.

Contemporary German depiction of the Juye Incident.

Bloodstained undershirt of Franz Xaver Nies.

Roadside marker at the site of the incident.

Causes

The attack resulted from anger at Stenz, who had likely serially raped Chinese women in Juye county, Shandong.[2]^: 11

Stenz blamed the attack on the warden of a neighboring village (Cao Jia Zhuang, spelled "Tsaotyachuang" by Stenz and located about 10 km to the south of Zhang Jia Village) and believed that the attack was rooted in a dispute between the warden and comparatively wealthy relatives who had converted to Christianity and had therefore refused to pay for local temple feasts.[3]

Attack

The mission compound where the incident took place was located in Zhang Jia Village (simplified Chinese: 张家庄; traditional Chinese: 張家莊; pinyin: Zhāng Jiā Zhuāng, spelled "Tshantyachuang" in writings by Georg M. Stenz),[4] about 10 km northeast of the town of Juye and about 25 km northwest of the city of Jining. Georg M. Stenz was the priest stationed in Zhang Jia Village and the other two missionaries, Henle and Nies, had come to visit him.[5] Stenz describes the events of the incident as follows:[6] Before they went to bed shortly before midnight, the missionaries had practiced the Requiem Mass (Miseremini mei) for the following All Souls' Day. Stenz had given his room to his guests for the night and had moved into a vacant porter's room himself. Believing the area to be quiet, the missionaries did not take any precautions and Stenz left the door to his room unlocked. A band of twenty to thirty armed men[7] broke into the mission compound shortly after the missionaries had gone to bed. They broke the door to the room where Henle and Nies were staying and killed the two missionaries. Both victims were found to have suffered numerous wounds from stabbing and both were dead shortly before midnight. The attackers searched for Stenz, but could not find him. They retreated when the local Chinese Christians arrived at the scene to help. It is not certain who committed the killings, but it is most commonly assumed that the attack was launched by members of the Big Swords Society.[8]

Impact

Less than two weeks after the Juye Incident, the German Empire used the murders of the missionaries as a pretext to seize Jiaozhou Bay on Shandong's southern coast. Under German threats, the Qing government was also forced to remove many Shandong officials (including governor Li Bingheng) from their posts and to build three Catholic churches in the area (in Jining, Caozhou, and Juye) at its own expense.[9] The mission that had been attacked also received 3,000 taels of silver in compensation for stolen or damaged property, and received the right to construct seven fortified residences in the area, also at government expense.[10] This settlement strengthened missionary work in southern Shandong province and was part of the events that led to the Boxer Uprising (1899–1900), a movement directed against the Christian and foreign presence in northern China.[11] Imitating Germany, other powers (Russia, Britain, France, and Japan) began "a scramble for concessions" to secure their own spheres of influence in China.[12]

Historian Paul Cohen has called the Juye incident "the opening wedge in a process of greatly intensified imperialist activity in China"[13] and Joseph W. Esherick comments that the Juye killings "set off a chain of events which radically altered the course of Chinese history."[14]

Notes

Esherick 1987, p. 123
Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). The Whites Are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection. Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1931h82. ISBN 978-1-4780-1016-6. JSTOR j.ctv1931h82. S2CID 229542406.
Stenz 1915
Stenz 1915
Stenz 1915
Stenz 1915
Esherick 1987
Clark 2011, p. 52.
Esherick 1987, p. 131.
Tiedemann 2007a, pp. 27–28.
Esherick 1987, pp. 134–35; Cohen 1997, p. 21.
Esherick 1987, pp. 129–30.
Cohen 1997, p. 21
Esherick 1987, p. 123.

Bibliography

Clark, Anthony E. (2011), China's Saints: Catholic Martyrdom During the Qing (1644–1911), Lexington Books.
Cohen, Paul (1997), History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-10651-3.
Esherick, Joseph W. (1987), The Origins of the Boxer Uprising, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-06459-3.
Stenz, Georg-Maria (1915), Life of Father Richard Henle, S.V.D. missionary in China : assassinated November 1, 1897, Techny, IL: Mission Press, S.V.D.
Tiedemann, R. G. (2007a), "The Church Militant: Armed Conflicts between Christians and Boxers in North China", in Robert Bickers; R.G. Tiedemann (eds.), The Boxers, China, and the World, Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 17–41, ISBN 978-0-7425-5395-8.