Kōbun (period)

The Kōbun period is a chronological timeframe during the Asuka period of Japanese history. The Kōbun period describes a span of years which were considered to have begun in the 1332nd year of the Yamato dynasty.[1]

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This periodization is consistent with the short reign of Emperor Kōbun,[2] which is traditionally considered to have been from 672 through 673.[3]

Periodization

The adoption of the Sexagenary cycle calendar (Jikkan Jūnishi) in Japan is attributed to Empress Suiko in 604;[4] and this Chinese calendar continued in use throughout the Kōbun period.

In 645, the system of Japanese era names (年号,, nengō,, lit. "year name") was introduced.[5] However, after the reign of Emperor Kotoku, this method of segmenting time was temporarily abandoned or allowed to lapse. This interval continued during the Kōbun period.

Neither Emperor Kōbun's reign nor the Kōbun periodization are included in the list of nengō for this explicit duration of time. The Sujaku period (朱雀, Sujaku) was an unofficial nengō during the reign of Emperor Kōbun[1] after Hakuchi[6] and before Suchō.[7] The duration of this discrete non-nengō timespan lasted for about two years.

In the post-Taika or pre-Taihō chronology, the first year of Emperor Kōbun's reign (弘文天皇元年 or 弘文天皇1年) is also construed as the first year of the Kōbun period (弘文1年).[8]

Non-nengō period

Non-nengō periods in the pre-Taihō calendar were published in 1880 by William Bramsen.[1] These were refined in 1952 by Paul Tsuchihashi in Japanese Chronological Tables from 601 to 1872.[8]

The pre-Tahiō calendar included two non-nengō gaps or intervals in the chronological series:

Nengō were not promulgated (or were allowed to lapse) during the gap years between Hakuchi and Shuchō, and in another gap between Shuchō and Taihō.

Concurrent Chronologies
Non-nengō periods Nengō eras Shinengō[13] Yamato dynasty duration Western calendar dates
Taika[12] 1305 645[14]
Hakuchi[10] 1310 650[15]
Saimei's reign[1] 1315 655[16]
Tenji's reign[1] 1322 662[17]
Kōbun's reign[18] Sujaku[19] 1332[1] 672[20]
Tenmu's reign Hakuhō[21] 1333[1] 673[22]
Suchō[11] 1346 686[23]
Jitō's reign[1] 1347 687[24]
Taika[25] 1350 695[25]
Monmu's reign[1] 1357 697[26]
Taihō[12] 1361 701[27]

Events of the Kōbun period
  • 672 (Kōbun 1): Emperor Tenji dies; and his son, Prince Ō-ama (later to become Emperor Tenmu), declines to receive the succession (senso). Shortly thereafter, his older brother, Ō-tomo (posthumously known as Emperor Kōbun after 1870), formally accedes to the throne (sokui).[28]
  • 672 (Kōbun 1): A new period is marked by the beginning of the reign of Emperor Kōbun; but this posthoumus name was created retroactively in 1870, and Meiji scholars did not determine retroactively that a new nengō should have commenced with the beginning of Kōbun's accession.[29]

See also

Notes
  1. Murray, p. 402, p. 402, at Google Books, citing William Bramsen. (1880). Japanese Chronological Tables, pp. 54-55, p. 54, at Google Books; compare, the Japanese National Diet Library website explains that "Japan organized its first calendar in the 12th year of Suiko (604)", which was a pre-nengō time frame.
  2. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 30-56, p. 30, at Google Books; Varley, H. Paul, (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 135-136; Brown, Delmer M. et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 268 n39., p. 268, at Google Books; pre-Meiji historians did not count Emperor Tenji's eldest son, Prince Ōtomo in the traditional order of succession. The Nihongi, the Renchū shō, the Gukanshō, and the Jinnō Shōtōki do not list Kōbun as sovereign between the reigns of Emperor Tenji and Emperor Temmu. This sovereign was posthumously identified as Emperor Kōbun after 1870.
  3. Murray, David. (1894). The Story of Japan, p. 402, p. 402, at Google Books; the system of counting from year-periods (nengō) do not ordinarily overlap with the reigns of the early monarchs; and generally, a new one was chosen whenever it was deemed necessary to commemorate an auspicious or ward off a malign event.
  4. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Jikkan Jūnishi" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 420, p. 420, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012-05-24 at archive.today
  5. Titsingh, p. 30., p. 30, at Google Books
  6. Nussbaum, "Hakuchi" at p. 280., p. 280, at Google Books
  7. Nussbaum, "Shuchō" at p. 889., p. 889, at Google Books
  8. Tsuchihashi, Paul. (1952). Japanese Chronological Tables from 601 to 1872, p. 16.
  9. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Taika" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 924, p. 924, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012-05-24 at archive.today
  10. Nussbaum, "Hakuchi" at p. 280, p. 280, at Google Books.
  11. Nussbaum, "Shuchō" at p. 889, p. 889, at Google Books.
  12. Nussbaum, "Taihō" at p. 924, p. 924, at Google Books.
  13. Shinengō used prior to the reestablishment of the nengō system in 701 are usually called itsunengō (逸年号). A list of shinengō and more information can be seen in the Japanese Wikipedia page ja:私年号.
  14. NengoCalc (645) 大化 Taika, online conversion of Japanese dates into their Western equivalents; calculation is based on tables from Tsuchihashi and Zöllner.
  15. NengoCalc (650) 白雉 Hakuchi
  16. NengoCalc (655) 斉明 Saimei
  17. NengoCalc (622) 天智 Tenji
  18. Brown, p. 268 n39., p. 268, at Google Books; compare Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 52; and see Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 天智天皇 (38)
  19. Murray, p. 402, p. 402, at Google Books; Sujaku is also known as an Itsunengō (逸年号)
  20. NengoCalc (672) 弘文 Kōbun
  21. Murray, p. 402, p. 402, at Google Books; Hakuhō, also known as Itsunengō; compare Nussbaum, "Hakuhō" at p. 280, p. 280, at Google Books; Hakuhou jidai, JAANUS (Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System), 2001; retrieved 16 September 2009.
  22. NengoCalc (673) 弘文 Temmu
  23. NengoCalc (686) 朱鳥 Suchō
  24. NengoCalc (687) 持統 Jitō
  25. Brown, p. 270, p. 270, at Google Books; excerpt, "The eras that fell in this reign were: (1) the remaining seven years of Shuchō [(686+7=692?)]; and (2) Taika, which was four years long [695-698]. (The first year of this era was kinoto-hitsuji [695].) ...In the third year of the Taka era [697], Empress Jitō yielded the throne to the Crown Prince."
  26. NengoCalc (697) 文武 Mommu
  27. NengoCalc (701) 大宝 Taihō
  28. Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
  29. Brown, p. 268 n39., p. 268, at Google Books

References
  • Bramsen, William. (1880). Japanese Chronological Tables: Showing the Date, According to the Julian or Gregorian Calendar, of the First Day of Each Japanese Month, from Tai-kwa 1st year to Mei-ji 6th year (645 to 1873): with an Introductory Essay on Japanese Chronology and Calendars. Tokyo: Seishi Bunsha. OCLC 35728014
  • Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
  • Murray, David. (1894). The Story of Japan. New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 1016340
  • Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
  • Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
  • Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
  • Tsuchihashi, Paul Yashita, S.J. (1952). Japanese chronological tables from 601 to 1872 (邦曆西曆對照表: 自推古九年至明治五年, Hōreki seireki taishōhyō: Suiko kyūnen yori Meiji gonen ni itaru). Tokyo: Sophia University. OCLC 001291275
  • Varley, H. Paul. (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 6042764
  • Zöllner, Reinhard. (2003). Japanische Zeitrechnung: ein Handbuch. Munich: Iudicium Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89129-783-4; OCLC 249297777
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