Kentucky's 3rd congressional district
Kentucky's 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Kentucky. It encompasses almost all of Louisville Metro, which, since the merger of 2003, is consolidated with Jefferson County, though other incorporated cities exist within the county, such as Shively and St. Matthews. The far eastern portions of Louisville Metro are part of the 2nd congressional district.
Kentucky's 3rd congressional district | |||
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Representative |
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Distribution |
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Population (2022) | 742,826[2] | ||
Median household income | $63,327[3] | ||
Ethnicity |
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Cook PVI | D+9[4] |
The district is currently represented by Democrat Morgan McGarvey. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+9, it is the only Democratic district in Kentucky.[4]
Characteristics
The district's character is very different from the rest of Kentucky. It is entirely contained within Jefferson County, and in contrast to the rest of the state, it is urban and leans Democratic. It has the highest percentage of African Americans in the state, who are concentrated in and near Louisville. It is a cosmopolitan, diverse district, with major businesses, health care organizations and universities.
Until January 1, 2006, Kentucky did not track party affiliation for registered voters who were neither Democratic nor Republican.[5] The Kentucky voter registration card does not explicitly list anything other than Democratic Party, Republican Party, or Other, with the "Other" option having a blank line and no instructions on how to register as something else.[6]
Year (Sept.) | Democratic | Republican | Other | Independent | Libertarian | Green | Constitution | Reform | Socialist Worker's | Male | Female | Registered | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voters | % | Voters | % | Voters | % | Voters | % | Voters | % | Voters | % | Voters | % | Voters | % | Voters | % | Voters | % | Voters | % | Voters | % | |
2017 | 328,432 | 57.835 | 183,755 | 32.358 | 35,988 | 6.337 | 17,632 | 3.105 | 1,568 | 0.276 | 421 | 0.074 | 58 | 0.01 | 4 | 0.001 | 21 | 0.004 | 261,561 | 46.059 | 306,317 | 53.941 | 567,879 | 100 |
2018 | 335,172 | 57.984 | 185,426 | 32.078 | 36,011 | 6.23 | 19,204 | 3.322 | 1,724 | 0.298 | 397 | 0.069 | 63 | 0.011 | 7 | 0.001 | 40 | 0.007 | 266,355 | 46.079 | 311,688 | 53.921 | 578,044 | 100 |
2019 | 343,512 | 58.24 | 187,470 | 31.784 | 36,222 | 6.141 | 20,313 | 3.444 | 1,832 | 0.311 | 347 | 0.059 | 78 | 0.013 | 6 | 0.001 | 38 | 0.006 | 272,144 | 46.14 | 317,525 | 53.834 | 589,818 | 100 |
2020 | 354,146 | 58.045 | 194,002 | 31.797 | 34,855 | 5.713 | 24,185 | 3.964 | 2,317 | 0.38 | 408 | 0.067 | 116 | 0.019 | 24 | 0.004 | 73 | 0.012 | 282,897 | 46.367 | 326,906 | 53.58 | 610,126 | 100 |
2021 | 352,605 | 57.916 | 192,258 | 31.579 | 35,335 | 5.804 | 25,549 | 4.196 | 2,407 | 0.395 | 437 | 0.072 | 122 | 0.02 | 26 | 0.004 | 82 | 0.013 | 282,681 | 46.431 | 325,822 | 53.517 | 608,821 | 100 |
2022 | 100 |
Recent statewide elections
Election results from statewide races | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Office | Results |
2000 | President | Gore 50 - 48% |
2004 | President | Kerry 51 - 49% |
2008 | President | Obama 56 - 43% |
2012 | President | Obama 56 - 43% |
2016 | President | Clinton 55 - 40% |
Senate | Gray 60 - 40% | |
2019 | Governor | Beshear 68 - 30% |
Attorney General | Stumbo 61 - 39% | |
2020 | President | Biden 60 - 38% |
Senate | McGrath 61 - 36% | |
2022 | Senate | Booker 60 - 40% |
List of members representing the district
Election results
1932
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Fred M. Vinson (incumbent) | 575,191 | ||
Democratic | John Y. Brown Sr. | 574,270 | ||
Democratic | Andrew J. May (incumbent) | 574,189 | ||
Democratic | Brent Spence (incumbent) | 574,079 | ||
Democratic | Virgil Chapman (incumbent) | 573,750 | ||
Democratic | Glover H. Cary (incumbent) | 573,505 | ||
Democratic | William Voris Gregory (incumbent) | 573,269 | ||
Democratic | Cap R. Carden (incumbent) | 573,257 | ||
Democratic | Finley Hamilton | 573,024 | ||
Republican | Hillard H. Smith | 391,868 | ||
Republican | Robert E. Lee Blackburn | 391,674 | ||
Republican | William Lewis | 390,982 | ||
Republican | George P. Ellison | 390,739 | ||
Republican | D.E. McClure | 390,474 | ||
Republican | J.C. Speight | 390,370 | ||
Republican | Hugh H. Asher | 390,148 | ||
Republican | B.T. Rountree | 390,041 | ||
Republican | Frank B. Russell | 389,950 | ||
Socialist | John T. Scopes[7] | 3,273 | ||
Socialist | J.J. Thobe | 3,264 | ||
Socialist | C.E. Trimble | 3,260 | ||
Socialist | W.G. Haag | 3,259 | ||
Socialist | E. L. Nance | 3,256 | ||
Socialist | E.C. Schulz | 3,256 | ||
Socialist | J.M. Woodward | 3,255 | ||
Socialist | H.L. Harwood | 3,254 | ||
Socialist | D.S. Bennett | 3,252 | ||
Communist | Frank Reynolds | 241 | ||
Communist | George N. Conway | 236 | ||
Total votes | ||||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1934
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Emmet O'Neal | 48,664 | 56.20 | |
Republican | Frank M. Drake | 36,922 | 42.64 | |
Independent | Peter J. Gnau | 414 | 0.48 | |
Socialist | Clell G. Fowler | 395 | 0.46 | |
Socialist Labor | William H. Brann | 165 | 0.19 | |
Communist | J. Stuart McIntyre | 38 | 0.04 | |
Total votes | 86,598 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1936
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Emmet O'Neal (incumbent) | 85,034 | 60.30 | |
Republican | W. A. Armstrong | 52,600 | 37.30 | |
Union | Jerry V. Spencer | 3,206 | 2.27 | |
Socialist | Sara Kasdan | 170 | 0.12 | |
Total votes | 93,588 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1938
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Emmet O'Neal (incumbent) | 57,227 | 61.15 | |
Republican | Frank A. Ropke | 36,361 | 38.85 | |
Total votes | 93,588 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1940
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Emmet O'Neal (incumbent) | 96,253 | 60.00 | |
Republican | Ben. J. Brumleve | 64,053 | 40.00 | |
Total votes | 160,306 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1942
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Emmet O'Neal (incumbent) | 39,866 | 55.16 | |
Republican | Joett Ross Todd | 32,404 | 44.84 | |
Total votes | 72,270 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1944
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Garland R. Hubbard | 79,922 | 62.00 | |||
Prohibition | Bessie Graham | 308 | 0.24 | |||
Democratic | Frank L. Chelf | 48,671 | 37.76 | |||
Total votes | 128,901 | 100.00 | ||||
Turnout | ||||||
Republican gain from Democratic | ||||||
1946
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Thurston Ballard Morton | 61,899 | 58.12 | |
Democratic | Emmet O'Neil | 44,599 | 41.88 | |
Total votes | 106,498 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Republican hold | ||||
1948
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Thruston Ballard Morton (incumbent) | 74,168 | 52.96 | |
Democratic | Ralph H. Logan | 64,877 | 46.33 | |
Progressive | Alfred M. Carroll | 686 | 0.49 | |
Prohibition | Robert Jack Garrison | 315 | 0.22 | |
Total votes | 140,046 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Republican hold | ||||
1950
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Thruston Ballard Morton (incumbent) | 62,363 | 55.53 | |
Democratic | Alex P. Humphrey | 49,935 | 44.47 | |
Total votes | 112,298 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Republican hold | ||||
1952
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | John M Robsion, Jr | 95,041 | 54.01 | |
Democratic | Boman L. Shamburger | 80,347 | 45.66 | |
Independent | H. A. I. Rosenberg | 573 | 0.33 | |
Total votes | 175,961 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Republican hold | ||||
1954
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | John M Robsion, Jr (incumbent) | 72,073 | 50.20 | |
Democratic | Harrison M Robertson | 71,500 | 49.80 | |
Total votes | 143,573 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Republican hold | ||||
1956
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Phillip Ardery | 84,912 | 43.21 | |
Republican | John M Robsion, Jr (incumbent) | 111,598 | 56.79 | |
Total votes | 196,510 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Republican hold | ||||
1958
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Frank W Burke | 73,121 | 52.16 | |||
Republican | John M Robsion (incumbent) | 67,059 | 47.84 | |||
Total votes | 140,180 | 100.00 | ||||
Turnout | ||||||
Democratic gain from Republican | ||||||
1960
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Frank W. Burke (incumbent) | 115,421 | 50.25 | |
Republican | Henry R. Heyburn | 114,263 | 49.75 | |
Total votes | 229,684 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1962
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Frank W. Burke (incumbent) | 91,544 | 49.18 | |||
Republican | M. G. "Gene" Snyder | 94,579 | 50.82 | |||
Total votes | 229,684 | 100.00 | ||||
Turnout | ||||||
Republican gain from Democratic | ||||||
1964
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Charles P. Farnsley | 117,892 | 53.82 | |||
Republican | M.G. "Gene" Snyder (incumbent) | 101,168 | 46.18 | |||
Total votes | 219,060 | 100.00 | ||||
Turnout | ||||||
Democratic gain from Republican | ||||||
1966
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Norbert Blume | 46,240 | 40.99 | |||
Republican | William O. Cowger | 66,577 | 59.01 | |||
Total votes | 112,817 | 100.00 | ||||
Turnout | ||||||
Republican gain from Democratic | ||||||
1968
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | William O. Cowger (incumbent) | 70,318 | 55.95 | |
Democratic | Tom Ray | 55,366 | 44.05 | |
Total votes | 125,684 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Republican hold | ||||
1970
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | William O. Cowger (incumbent) | 49,891 | 48.32 | |||
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli | 50,102 | 48.52 | |||
American | Ronald W. Watson | 3,265 | 3.16 | |||
Total votes | 103,258 | 100.00 | ||||
Turnout | ||||||
Democratic gain from Republican | ||||||
1972
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli (incumbent) | 86,810 | 62.15 | |
Republican | Phil Kaelin, Jr | 51,634 | 36.97 | |
American | William P. Chambers | 1,227 | 0.88 | |
Total votes | 139,671 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1974
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Vincent N. Barclay | 28,813 | 26.56 | |
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli (incumbent) | 37,346 | 69.67 | |
American | William P. Chambers | 3,383 | 3.12 | |
Independent | Luther J. Wilson | 708 | 0.65 | |
Total votes | 108,475 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1976
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Denzil J. Ramsey | 58,019 | 41.22 | |
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli (incumbent) | 80,496 | 57.19 | |
American | William P. Chambers | 2,229 | 1.58 | |
Total votes | 140,744 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1978
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli (incumbent) | 37,346 | 65.67 | |
Republican | Norbert D. Leveronne | 17,785 | 31.27 | |
Independent | Tom Beckham | 1,312 | 2.31 | |
Socialist Workers | John Cumbler | 428 | 0.75 | |
Total votes | 56,871 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1980
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli (incumbent) | 85,873 | 63.74 | |
Republican | Richard Cesler | 46,681 | 34.65 | |
American | Robert D. Vessels | 468 | 0.35 | |
Citizens | John Cumbler | 1,272 | 0.94 | |
Libertarian | Henry G. Logsdon | 430 | 0.32 | |
Total votes | 134,724 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1982
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Carl Brown | 45,900 | 32.19 | |
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli (incumbent) | 92,849 | 65.11 | |
Independent | Norbert D. Leveronne | 2,840 | 1.99 | |
Libertarian | Dan Murray | 608 | 0.43 | |
Socialist Workers | Craig Honts | 400 | 0.28 | |
Total votes | 142,597 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1984
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Suzanne M. Warner | 68,185 | 31.67 | |
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli (incumbent) | 145,680 | 67.67 | |
Independent | Peggy Kreiner | 1,273 | 0.59 | |
Write-In | 139 | 0.06 | ||
Total votes | 215,277 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1986
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Lee Holmes | 29,348 | 26.15 | |
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli (incumbent) | 81,943 | 73.01 | |
Socialist Workers | Estelle Debates | 899 | 0.80 | |
Write-In | 43 | 0.04 | ||
Total votes | 112,233 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1988
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Philip Dunnagan | 57,387 | 30.30 | |
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli (incumbent) | 131,981 | 69.70 | |
Total votes | 189,368 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1990
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Al Brown | 55,188 | 39.44 | |
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli | 84,750 | 60.56 | |
Total votes | 139,938 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1992
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Romano L. Mazzoli (incumbent) | 148,066 | 52.74 | |
Republican | Susan B. Stokes | 132,689 | 47.26 | |
Write-In | Patricia Metten | 15 | 0.005 | |
Total votes | 280,770 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1994
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Mike Ward | 67,663 | 44.36 | |
Republican | Susan B. Stokes | 67,238 | 44.08 | |
U.S. Taxpayers' Party (United States) | Richard Lewis | 17,591 | 11.53 | |
Write-In | Valerie Cohen | 31 | 0.02 | |
Total votes | 152,523 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
1996
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Anne Northup | 126,625 | 50.26 | |||
Democratic | Mike Ward (Incumbent) | 125,326 | 49.74 | |||
Total votes | 251,951 | 100.00 | ||||
Turnout | ||||||
Republican gain from Democratic | ||||||
1998
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Anne Northup (Incumbent) | 100,690 | 52.02 | |
Democratic | Chris Gorman | 92,865 | 47.98 | |
Total votes | 193,555 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Republican hold | ||||
2000
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Anne Northup (Incumbent) | 142,106 | 52.87 | |
Democratic | Eleanor Jordon | 118,875 | 44.23 | |
Libertarian | Donna Walker Mancini | 7,804 | 2.90 | |
Total votes | 268,785 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | 67.9 | |||
Republican hold | ||||
2002
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Anne Northup (Incumbent) | 118,228 | 51.61 | |
Democratic | Jack Conway | 110,846 | 48.39 | |
Total votes | 229,074 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Republican hold | ||||
2004
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Anne Northup (Incumbent) | 197,736 | 60.26 | |
Democratic | Tony Miller | 124,040 | 37.80 | |
Libertarian | George C. Dick | 6,363 | 1.94 | |
Total votes | 328,139 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Republican hold | ||||
2006
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | John Yarmuth | 122,471 | 50.62 | |||
Republican | Anne Northup (Incumbent) | 116,555 | 48.18 | |||
Libertarian | Donna Walker Mancini | 2,134 | 0.88 | |||
Constitution | W. Ed Parker | 774 | 0.32 | |||
Total votes | 241,934 | 100.00 | ||||
Turnout | ||||||
Democratic gain from Republican | ||||||
2008
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | John Yarmuth (Incumbent) | 203,843 | 59.37 | |
Republican | Anne Northup | 139,527 | 40.64 | |
Libertarian | Ed Martin | Republican sued; votes not counted | 0.00 | |
Total votes | 343,370 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
2010
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | John Yarmuth (Incumbent) | 139,940 | 54.68 | |
Republican | Todd Lally | 112,627 | 44.01 | |
Libertarian | Ed Martin | 2,029 | 0.79 | |
Independent | Michael Hansen | 1,334 | 0.52 | |
Total votes | 255,930 | 100.00 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
2012
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | John Yarmuth (Incumbent) | 206,385 | 63.96 | |
Republican | Brooks Wicker | 111,452 | 34.54 | |
Independent | Robert L. DeVore, Jr. | 4.819 | 1.49 | |
Total votes | 322,656 | 100.0 | ||
Turnout | ||||
Democratic hold | ||||
2014
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | John Yarmuth (Incumbent) | 157,056 | 63.5 | |
Republican | Michael MacFarlane | 87,981 | 35.6 | |
Independent | Gregory Peter Puccetti | 2,318 | 0.9 | |
Total votes | 247,355 | 100 | ||
Democratic hold | ||||
2016
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | John Yarmuth (Incumbent) | 212,401 | 63.5 | |
Republican | Harold Bratcher | 122,093 | 36.5 | |
Total votes | 334,494 | 100.00 | ||
Democratic hold | ||||
2018
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | John Yarmuth (Incumbent) | 173,002 | 62.1 | |
Republican | Vickie Yates Glisson | 101,930 | 36.6 | |
Libertarian | Gregory Boles | 3,788 | 1.4 | |
Total votes | 278,720 | 100.00 | ||
Democratic hold | ||||
2020
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | John Yarmuth (Incumbent) | 230,672 | 62.7 | |
Republican | Rhonda Palazzo | 137,425 | 37.3 | |
Total votes | 368,097 | 100.00 | ||
Democratic hold | ||||
2022
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Morgan McGarvey | 160,920 | 61.9 | |
Republican | Stuart Ray | 98,637 | 38.0 | |
Daniel Cobble (write-in) | 30 | 0.01% | ||
Total votes | 259,587 | 100.00 | ||
Democratic hold | ||||
Historical district maps
Year | District 3 | All Districts |
---|---|---|
1935-1943 | ||
1943-1953 | ||
1953-1943 | ||
1963-1973 | ||
1973-1983 | ||
1983-1993 | ||
1993-2003 | ||
2003-2013 | ||
2013-2023 | ||
References
- Specific
- Geography, US Census Bureau. "Congressional Districts Relationship Files (state-based)". www.census.gov. Archived from the original on July 17, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
- Bureau, Center for New Media & Promotion (CNMP), US Census. "My Congressional District". www.census.gov.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Center for New Media & Promotion (CNMP), US Census Bureau. "My Congressional District". www.census.gov.
- "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
- "Kentucky Administrative Regulations 31KAR4:150". Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. November 2005. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
- "Register To Vote". Kentucky State Board of Elections. August 2003. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
- "August 12, 1932 (Page 1 of 24)." The Courier-Journal (1923-2001), Aug 12, 1932, pp. 1.
- https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - "General Elections Results" (PDF). Kentucky Secretary of State. November 4, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
- General
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present