Kaikōura District

The Kaikōura District is a territorial authority district in Canterbury Region on the South Island of New Zealand.[3] The district encompasses the eponymous town of Kaikōura, a number of small towns and settlements and the surrounding rural area in northern Canterbury. The district had an estimated population of 4,230 as of June 2023.[2]

Kaikōura District
Territorial authority district
View north towards Seaward Kaikōura Ranges
View north towards Seaward Kaikōura Ranges
Location of Kaikōura District
Coordinates: 42°24′09″S 173°40′59″E
CountryNew Zealand
RegionCanterbury
Government
 • MayorCraig Mackle
 • Deputy MayorJulie Howden
 • Territorial authorityKaikōura District Council
Area
[1]
 • Total2,046.81 km2 (790.28 sq mi)
Population
 (June 2023)[2]
 • Total4,230
 • Density2.1/km2 (5.4/sq mi)
Websitewww.kaikoura.govt.nz

Geography

The Kaikōura District extends from the Pacific Ocean to the highest points of the Kaikoura ranges to the west, and along the coastline from Oaro in the south, to just beyond Kekerengu in the north.[3]

Populated places

Populated places within the district, aside from Kaikōura township, include:

Governance

The Kaikōura District Council (Māori: Ko te kaunihera ā rohe o Kaikōura) administers the district. The council consists of a mayor and seven councillors. Elections for positions on the council are held every three years in conjunction with nationwide local elections.[4]

History

During the era of provincial government from 1853, the Kaikōura region was initially part of the Nelson Province, and was represented at the Nelson Provincial Council through the Amuri electorate. When the Marlborough Province split off from the Nelson Province, Kaikōura became part of that new province, with the Conway River as the new southern boundary. From 1860, the Kaikōura region was represented on the Marlborough Provincial Council first through the Flaxbourne and Clarence electorate, then the Clarence electorate, and finally the Awatere electorate.[5] Provincial government was abolished at the end of 1876, and counties were formed instead.[6]

From 1877, Kaikōura was governed by Kaikoura County.[5] The county's boundary was adjusted northwards in 1940 to take over most of the East Coast Riding of Awatere County. There were also desires for land from Cheviot County to transfer to Kaikoura County, but the petition lapsed. In 1952, there were moves for a borough to be formed for Kaikōura township, but the underlying concerns which led to this initiative were addressed in different ways and no borough was formed. A 1971 scheme to form a Hurunui County would have seen Kaikoura County lose the area south of the Hundalee Hills, but this did not proceed.[7]

The 1989 local government reforms disestablished all counties, and district and regional councils were formed instead. Kaikōura District was formed in the process, with the land south of the Hundalee Hills transferred to Hurunui District as per the 1971 proposal. At a regional level, Kaikōura belonged to the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council. When the regional council was disestablished in 1992 after only three years, and its functions went to the unitary authorities of Nelson City Council, Tasman District Council, and Marlborough District Council, Kaikōura transferred to the Canterbury Regional Council. In 1993, an elector-initiated appeal wanted the northern 59% of Kaikōura District to be transferred to Marlborough District, but this was rejected by the Local Government Commission. There was a further elector-initiated proposal for Kaikoura District to merge with Hurunui District, but the Local Government Commission rejected this in 2009.[7]

Anniversary day observance

In terms of its provincial anniversary holiday, Kaikōura observes the anniversary of Marlborough Province due to its historic association. This meant that the public holiday established through the Canterbury Earthquake Commemoration Day Act 2011 did not apply in Kaikōura District, as it only applied to the area where the Canterbury Anniversary Day is observed.[8]

Demographics

Kaikōura District covers 2,046.81 km2 (790.28 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 4,230 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 2.1 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
20063,621—    
20133,552−0.27%
20183,912+1.95%
Source: [9]

Kaikōura District had a population of 3,912 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 360 people (10.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 291 people (8.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,458 households, comprising 1,998 males and 1,911 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.05 males per female. The median age was 46.3 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 630 people (16.1%) aged under 15 years, 600 (15.3%) aged 15 to 29, 1,848 (47.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 831 (21.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 86.0% European/Pākehā, 18.4% Māori, 0.8% Pasifika, 4.1% Asian, and 2.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 15.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 49.5% had no religion, 38.9% were Christian, 1.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.8% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 417 (12.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 738 (22.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 402 people (12.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,806 (55.0%) people were employed full-time, 564 (17.2%) were part-time, and 39 (1.2%) were unemployed.[9]

Economy

In 2020, the GDP of the Kaikōura District was $232 million, with an annual growth for the region of 1.6%.[10] Tourism contributed $57 million to total GDP in Kaikoura District in 2020, and was the top overall category, as shown in this table comparing district and national share of GDP:[11]

IndustryKaikoura District
GDP share (%)		National
GDP share (%)
Tourism24.85.1
Agriculture, forestry and fishing19.45.0
Construction10.96.5
Transport, postal and warehousing8.54.2
Accommodation and food services8.52.1

Employment in the district was 2,007 (filled jobs) in 2020, with an annual growth rate of 1.4%.[12] The top 5 industries (based on ANZSIC categories), by share of employment in the Kaikōura District in 2020, compared with the national share for that year were:[13]

IndustryKaikoura District
Share of filled jobs (%)		National
Share of filled jobs (%)
Accommodation and food services17.86.7
Construction14.49.8
Agriculture, forestry and fishing14.45.4
Retail trade10.98.9
Transport, postal and warehousing8.14.2

References
  1. "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  2. "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
  3. "Territorial authority boundaries". Environment Canterbury. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  4. "Mayor and Councillors". Kaikoura District Council. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  5. Sherrard, J. M. (1966). Kaikoura: A History of the District. Kaikoura County Council.
  6. McLintock, Alexander Hare, ed. (1966). Nelson Province and Provincial District. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  7. "Determination on proposal for the abolition of Kaikoura District and its inclusion in Hurunui District" (PDF). Local Government Commission. May 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  8. "Kaikoura not taking day off". Marlborough Express. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  9. "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Kaikōura District (054). 2018 Census place summary: Kaikōura District
  10. "Kaikoura District Economic Profile – Economy at a glance". Infometrics. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  11. "Kaikoura District Economic Profile – Tourism GDP". Infometrics. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  12. "Kaikoura District Economic Profile – Employment at a glance". Infometrics. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  13. "Structure of Kaikoura District's economy – Employment". Infometrics. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
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