Kalinga-Apayao

Kalinga-Apayao (IPA: [kaliŋɡa apajaw]) was a province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in the island of Luzon. It was formed, along with Benguet, Ifugao, and the new Mountain Province, from the earlier Mountain Province, with the passage of Republic Act No. 4695 in 1966. The said law was amended by RA No. 7878 in 1995, which divided the province into two new ones, Kalinga and Apayao.[1][2]

Kalinga-Apayao
Province of the Philippines
1966-1995
Flag of Kalinga-Apayao
Flag
Seal of Kalinga-Apayao
Seal

Location of the historical province of Kalinga-Apayao.
CapitalTabuk
Area 
• 
7,048.1 km2 (2,721.3 sq mi)
History
History 
• Established
June 18, 1966
• Disestablished
May 8, 1995
Political subdivisions15 (before May 8, 1995)
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Mountain Province
Apayao
Kalinga
Today part of · Apayao
 · Kalinga

As part of a cult of personality, long-time President Ferdinand Marcos made gradual changes to the borders of Kalinga-Apayao over the course of his rule with the aim of making the outline of the province, on a map, resemble the silhouette of his own head, facing towards his own native province of Ilocos Norte. The plan was unfinished when Marcos was overthrown in 1986.[3]

History

Prior to the establishment of the province, the sub-provinces of Kalinga and Apayao, upon their establishment through Act No. 1642 in 1907, were used to be part of Lepanto-Bontoc (as Kalinga was taken from Cagayan and Isabela) and Cagayan provinces respectively.[4][5] The sub-provinces were annexed into the Mountain Province which was established through Act No. 1876 in 1908.[6]

In the early years, the sub-provinces underwent series of territorial changes:[7]

  • Part of Kalinga was transferred to another sub-province Bontoc (Executive Order 53, 1914); same as part of Apayao to the province of Ilocos Norte (EO 21, 1920).
  • 1922: In Apayao, a barrio of municipal district of Bayag (Calanasan) to Namaltugan.
  • 1926: In Kalinga, barrios in municipal district of Pinukpuk to Balbalan.
  • 1927: Parts of the municipal district of Pinukpuk in Kalinga to Conner in Apayao.

The sub-provinces became part of Kalinga-Apayao which was created along with three other new provinces comprising the old Mountain Province through Republic Act 4695 on June 18, 1966.[1] Those provinces, with Abra, would become part of the Cordillera Administrative Region, created through EO 220 on July 15, 1987.[8]

Since the creation of the sub-provinces, Tabuc (Tabuk) was designated as the capital of Kalinga. In Apayao, its first sub-provincial capital was Tauit until mid-1915, when it was moved to Kabugao via EO 45.[4][5][7][9]

By December 1988, 52% of the barangays in the province were controlled by the New People's Army communist insurgent group while 43% are "under its influence" according to the House of Representatives Committee on National Defense.[10] (Being divided later into two new provinces, both were separately declared insurgency-free in 2010: Apayao in February,[11] Kalinga in November.[12][13])

Abolition and division

By virtue of RA 7878, signed on February 14, 1995, the sub-provinces in Kalinga-Apayao were converted into two new provinces, Kalinga and Apayao, with their capitals remain the same as before.[2] Both comprises the same municipalities that were used to be part of these sub-provinces.[8]

Majority of voters in Kalinga-Apayao ratified the said law in a plebiscite on May 8.[14]

1995 plebiscite on the separation of Kalinga and Apayao
Choice Votes  %
Referendum passed Yes 75,051 96.15
No 3,008 3.85
Total votes 78,059 100.00
Source: Memorandum Order No. 290, s. 1995

Administrative divisions

By the time Kalinga-Apayao was established, eight municipalities remained part of the subprovince of Kalinga, six municipalities in the Subprovince of Apayao as well.[1]

Within almost three decades, two new municipalities were later created. On the same day of the creation of the province, Pasil in Kalinga was created (RA 4741); also, Santa Marcela in Apayao in 1967 (RA 4974). Meanwhile, the municipality of Quirino in Kalinga, which had established before, was abolished sometime between 1975 and 1980. Before the division in 1995, the province had 15 municipalities and 283 barangays.[8]

Notes
  1. Created as a municipal district in 1932 through an executive order, taken from Lubuagan.[16]
  2. Later created as a municipal district prior to becoming a regular municipality in 1963.[17]
  3. Created in 1964 via EO 111, later abolished and reverted to Balbalan and Pinukpuk before 1980.[8][18]
  4. Created in 1965 as Liwan via RA 4396, renamed in 1971 via RA 6184, taken from Tabuk.[8]
  5. Formerly Bayag, renamed in 1967 via RA 4980.[19]
  6. Created in 1929 as municipal district of Macatel via EO 200, later renamed through a resolution, taken from Tauit.[20]
  7. Created in 1956 via EO 217, taken from Luna.[21][22]
  8. Created in 1963 via RA 3672, taken from Pudtol.[8]
  9. Abolished in 1936 via EO 13, annexed to Luna.[23] At present, it also comprises parts of the municipalities of Flora, Pudtol, Sta. Marcela, as well as Allacapan (separated from this municipal district and organized into a new one in 1927 via EO 68)[7] and Lasam in the province of Cagayan.[21]
  10. Abolished in 1936 via EO 78, annexed to present-day Calanasan and Kabugao.[24]
  11. Created in 1966, same day as establishment of Kalinga-Apayao, via RA 4741, taken from Balbalan and Lubuagan.[8]
  12. Created on June 17, 1967 via RA 4974, taken from Flora and Luna.[8]

References
  1. "Republic Act No. 4695: An Act Creating the Provinces of Benguet, Mountain Province, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. June 18, 1966. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  2. "Republic Act No. 7878". Official Gazette (Philippines). Government of the Philippines. February 14, 1995. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  3. "Marcos Drang nach Unsterblichkeit". Der Spiegel (in German). January 15, 1989. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  4. "Act No. 1642". Supreme Court E-Library. Government of the Philippines. May 9, 1907. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  5. Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War, 1908 (First of two parts). Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 1909. p. 266–269, 330. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  6. "Act No. 1876". Supreme Court E-Library. Government of the Philippines. August 18, 1908. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  7. "Index to Official Gazette (1913–1928)" (PDF). University of San Carlos. The Library Corporation. 2011–2012. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
  8. "1995 Provincial Profile - Kalinga Apayao" (Link for PDF file) Philippine Statistics Authority. 1995. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  9. "The Manolay cult: The genesis and dissolution of millenarian sentiments among the Isneg of Northern Luzon" (PDF). Asian Studies. University of the Philippines Diliman. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
  10. Jacinto, Gerry (December 29, 1988). "Kalinga-Apayao: 95% under NPA control". Manila Standard. Manila Standard News, Inc. p. 2. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
  11. "Apayao now free of communist rebels - military". GMA News. February 15, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  12. Cantos, Joy (November 11, 2010). "Kalinga idineklarang insurgency free". Philstar.com (in Tagalog). Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  13. Romero, Alexis (January 30, 2014). "NPA weapons seized in 'insurgency-free' Kalinga". The Philippine Star. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  14. "Memorandum Order No. 290". Official Gazette (Philippines). Government of the Philippines. July 5, 1995. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  15. "Act No. 2711"
    —Full text from the Official Gazette. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
    —Digitized copy from the Internet Archive. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  16. History of Different Barangay of Tanudan Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  17. "Tinglayan: Executive Summary, 2020" (PDF) Commission on Audit. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  18. "Executive Order No. 111, s. 1964" Official Gazette. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  19. "Republic Act No. 4980" The LawPhil Project. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  20. —"Brief History" Municipality of Luna, Apayao.
    —History and government of Luna, Apayao (via Department of the Interior and Local Government–CAR)
    All were retrieved July 28, 2022.
  21. Pudtol - A Brief History Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  22. —"Pudtol: Executive Summary, 2015" (PDF) Commission on Audit.
    —"Executive Order No. 217, s. 1956" Official Gazette.
    —"Executive Order No. 335, s. 1959" Official Gazette.
    All were retrieved July 26, 2022.
  23. "Executive Order No. 13, s. 1936" Official Gazette. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  24. "Executive Order No. 78, s. 1936" Official Gazette. Retrieved July 26, 2022.

18°04′N 121°12′E

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