Dasht-e Kavir
Dasht-e Kavir (Persian: دشت كوير, lit. 'Low Plains' in classical Persian, from khwar (low), and dasht (plain, flatland)), also known as Kavir-e Namak (lit. 'salty lowlands') and the Great Salt Desert, is a large desert lying in the middle of the Iranian Plateau. It is about 800 kilometres (500 mi) long by 320 kilometres (200 mi) wide with a total surface area of about 77,600 km2 (30,000 sq mi), making it the world's 24th largest desert.[1] The area of this desert stretches from the Alborz mountain range in the north-west to the Dasht-e Lut in the south-east. It is partitioned among the Iranian provinces of Khorasan, Semnan, Tehran, Isfahan and Yazd.
| Dasht-e Kavir | |
|---|---|
 Sand dunes in the Rig-e Jenn in the Dasht-e Kavir | |
  Dasht-e Kavir | |
| Length | 800 km (500 mi) |
| Width | 500 km (310 mi) |
| Area | 77,600 km2 (30,000 sq mi) |
| Naming | |
| Native name | دشت كوير (Persian) |
| Geography | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Khorasan, Semnan, Tehran, Isfahan, Yazd |
| Coordinates | 34°44′15.2″N 54°49′37.56″E |
Features
In the center of the desert lies the Kavir Buzurg (Great Kavir), which is about 320 km long and 160 km (99 mi) wide. In the western part of the desert lies the Daryahcheh-e Namak ("salt lake"), 1,800 km2 (690 sq mi). It contains some large salt plates in a mosaic-like shape. It is part of a 4,000 km2 (1,500 sq mi) protected ecological zone, the Kavir National Park. One of the most desolate parts of Dasht-e Kavir is the Rig-e Jenn (‘Dune of the Jinn’).
Climate and structure
Dasht-e Kavir's has an arid climate with little precipitation. However, there is usually some rainfall in winter, as well as the mountains that surround it, provide plenty of runoff—enough to create vast seasonal lakes, marshlands and playas. Daytime and nighttime temperatures can vary by as much as 70 °C (130 °F) over the course of a year. The weather can get quite cold during the nighttime in winter, routinely dropping to below 0 °C (0 °F) in some areas. Rain usually falls in winter.
Usually more elevated areas in Dasht e Kavir have a cold desert climate (BWk) while less elevated areas have a hot desert climate (BWh).
The desert soil is covered with sand and pebbles; there are marshes, seasonal lakes and seasonal river beds. The high temperatures and low humidity cause extreme vaporization, which leaves the marshes and mud grounds with large crusts of salt. Heavy storms frequently occur and they can cause sand hills reaching up to 40 m in height. Some parts of Dasht-e Kavir have a more steppe-like appearance.
| Climate data for Garmsār, Semnan Province, Altitude: 899.9 M from: 1986-2010 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.8 (69.4) |
24.6 (76.3) |
32.2 (90.0) |
36.6 (97.9) |
40.8 (105.4) |
45.0 (113.0) |
47.0 (116.6) |
46.0 (114.8) |
41.0 (105.8) |
36.4 (97.5) |
28.4 (83.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
47.0 (116.6) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
31.6 (88.9) |
37.7 (99.9) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.1 (102.4) |
34.8 (94.6) |
27.7 (81.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
25.8 (78.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
29.7 (85.5) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.1 (88.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
6.5 (43.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
1.3 (34.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
21.6 (70.9) |
24.7 (76.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
18.1 (64.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
5.6 (42.1) |
0.9 (33.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15.0 (0.59) |
14.5 (0.57) |
26.9 (1.06) |
19.8 (0.78) |
10.8 (0.43) |
1.0 (0.04) |
2.7 (0.11) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.4 (0.02) |
3.8 (0.15) |
11.1 (0.44) |
14.1 (0.56) |
121.1 (4.79) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 64 | 55 | 47 | 39 | 32 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 28 | 36 | 50 | 64 | 41 |
| Source: [2] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ardestan, Esfahan Province, Altitude: 1252.4 M from: 1992-2010 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
32.0 (89.6) |
34.4 (93.9) |
39.6 (103.3) |
43.2 (109.8) |
44.4 (111.9) |
43.4 (110.1) |
39.6 (103.3) |
34.2 (93.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
44.4 (111.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) |
13.3 (55.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
30.2 (86.4) |
35.8 (96.4) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.3 (99.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
31.9 (89.4) |
30.8 (87.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
12.7 (54.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
19.0 (66.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
2.8 (37.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
20.4 (68.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.4 (36.3) |
13.3 (56.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.2 (4.6) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
1.2 (34.2) |
5.8 (42.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
18.2 (64.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−10.2 (13.6) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 24.1 (0.95) |
15.1 (0.59) |
23.1 (0.91) |
15.5 (0.61) |
13.3 (0.52) |
0.9 (0.04) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.9 (0.04) |
0.5 (0.02) |
2.0 (0.08) |
8.9 (0.35) |
22.4 (0.88) |
127.1 (5.01) |
| Average snowy days | 3.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 6.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 52 | 41 | 33 | 29 | 24 | 19 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 26 | 38 | 51 | 31 |
| Source: [3] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Biarjamand, Semnan Province, Altitude: 1099.3 M from: 1992-2010 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
23.3 (73.9) |
28.6 (83.5) |
33.5 (92.3) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.7 (94.5) |
30.7 (87.3) |
24.5 (76.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
16.5 (61.7) |
21.7 (71.1) |
26.7 (80.1) |
29.3 (84.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
9.6 (49.3) |
4.1 (39.4) |
16.1 (61.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −3.2 (26.2) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
21.4 (70.5) |
16.0 (60.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
2.9 (37.2) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
9.6 (49.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15.4 (0.61) |
13.2 (0.52) |
28.2 (1.11) |
23.7 (0.93) |
15.4 (0.61) |
4.3 (0.17) |
0.6 (0.02) |
1.3 (0.05) |
2.0 (0.08) |
3.1 (0.12) |
7.2 (0.28) |
13.1 (0.52) |
127.5 (5.02) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 66 | 57 | 49 | 43 | 35 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 33 | 39 | 50 | 66 | 44 |
| Source: [4] | |||||||||||||
Post-glacial lake system
Almost 3,000 years ago, at the start of the post-glacial era, the Kavir was a series of vast lakes: the Asian monsoon reached deep into central Iran, bringing heavy summer rain that formed numerous lakes in the closed basins of the central Iranian Plateau that today comprises the Kavir and other deserts in the area. There are inscriptions at teppeh Sialk noting that a local queen had traveled to visit the ruler of a town (identified as Tell-i Bakun, southeast of Yazd) by "sailing the sea". Copious shorelines at various elevations still extant in the Kavir are telltale signs of the post-glacial, monsoonal lakes in central Iran, where desert now dominates.
Wildlife
Vegetation in the Dasht-e Kavir is adapted to the hot and arid climate as well as to the saline soil in which it is rooted. Common plant species like shrubs and grasses can only be found in some valleys and on mountain tops. The most widespread plant is mugwort.
The Persian ground jay is a bird species living in some parts of the desert plateaus, along with Hairy bustards, larks and sandgrouse.
Persian gazelles live in parts of steppe and desert areas of the central plateau. Wild sheep (Ovis orientalis), camels, goats (Capra aegagrus)[5] and Persian leopards are common in mountainous areas. Night life brings on wild cats, wolves, foxes, and other carnivores. In some parts of the desert, the Persian onager (gur in Persian) and sometimes even the Asiatic cheetah can be seen. Lizards and snakes live in different places in the central plateau.
Cultivation
The extreme heat and many storms in Dasht-e Kavir cause extensive erosion, which makes it almost impossible to cultivate the lands. The desert is almost uninhabited and knows little exploitation. Camel and sheep breeding and agriculture are the sources of living to the few people living on its soil. Human settlement is restricted to some oases, where wind-blocking housing constructions are raised to deal with the harsh weather conditions. For irrigation, Iranians developed a sophisticated system of water-wells known as qanats. These are still in use, and modern globally used water-revenue systems are based on their techniques.
See also
- Dasht-e Lut – Desert in Iran ('Desert of Emptiness')
- Geography of Iran – Geographical features of Iran
- International rankings of Iran
- List of deserts by area – List of the largest deserts in the world by area
References
- Wright, John W., ed. (2006). The New York Times Almanac (2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. p. 456. ISBN 0-14-303820-6.
- I.R. OF IRAN SHAHREKORD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (IN PERSIAN) Archived 2017-08-29 at the Wayback Machine. 1986–2010
- I.R. OF IRAN METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (IN PERSIAN) Archived 2017-08-29 at the Wayback Machine. 1992–2010
- "آمار 166 ايستگاه سينوپتيك كشور تا پایان سال 2010 میلادی + 37 ایستگاه تا پایان سال 2005". Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- Mohammadian, H. Mammals of Iran. Shabpareh Publishing Institute. Tehran, Iran. 2005.ISBN 964-94487-9-9.