Khok Kruat Formation

The Khok Kruat Formation (Thai: หมวดหินโคกกรวด) is a rock formation found in northeastern Thailand. It is the uppermost formation of the Khorat Group.[1] It is dated to the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous period, and is notable for its fossils of dinosaurs. It is equivalent to the Gres superieurs Formation of Laos.[2] The group is a fluvial formation consisting primarily of red siltstones and sandstones.[1]

Khok Kruat Formation
Stratigraphic range: Aptian
~
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofKhorat Group
UnderliesMaha Sarakham Formation
OverliesPhu Phan Formation
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, siltstone
OtherConglomerate, shale
Location
Coordinates15.9°N 102.0°E / 15.9; 102.0
Approximate paleocoordinates16.3°N 105.3°E / 16.3; 105.3
RegionIndochina
Country Thailand
ExtentKhorat Plateau
Type section
Named byWard & Bunnag
Year defined1964
Khok Kruat Formation is located in Thailand
Khok Kruat Formation
Khok Kruat Formation (Thailand)

Vertebrate paleofauna
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

The Khok Kruat Formation has yielded remains of sharks, fishes, turtles, crocodilians and pterosaurs. Phuwiangosaurus-like teeth, Siamosaurus teeth, and fragmentary postcranial remains of spinosaurids have also been recovered from it.[3] Fukuiraptor-like teeth have also been recovered from the formation.[4]

Dinosaurs
Dinosaurs reported from the Khok Kruat Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationMaterialNotesImages
cf. Asianopodus cf. A. isp. "Huai Dam Chum site, Ban Lao Nat, Tha Uthen District, Nakhon Phanom Province".[5] "At least 79 trackways composed of 341 consecutive tracks in total".[5] Theropod tracks.
Ichnogen. et. sp. indet. "Huai Dam Chum site, Ban Lao Nat, Tha Uthen District, Nakhon Phanom Province".[5] "Two trackways: T23 composed of 6 consecutive tracks and T35 composed of 3 discontinuous tracks".[5] Flattened possible theropod tracks.
Psittacosaurus P. sattayaraki[6] Ban Dong Bang Noi "Well preserved left dentary and an incomplete maxilla."[3] A ceratopsian
Ratchasimasaurus R. suranareae Nakhon Ratchasima province.[7] An iguanodontian ornithopod
Siamodon S. nimngami[8] Ban Saphan Hin PRC-4, a well-preserved left maxilla, PRC-5, an isolated maxillary tooth and PRC-6, a braincase.[8] An iguanodontian ornithopod
Sirindhorna S. khoratensis Muaeng Nakhon Ratchasima District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province.[9] An iguanodontian ornithopod
Siamosaurus S. sp.[10] Teeth A spinosaurid
Siamraptor S. suwati Muaeng Nakhon Ratchasima District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province.[11] "A composite cranial and postcranial skeleton comprising premaxilla, maxilla, jugal, surangular, prearticular, articular, vertebrae, manual ungual, ischium, tibia, and pedal phalanx".[11] A carcharodontosaur

Pseudosuchians
Pseudosuchians reported from the Khok Kruat Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation MaterialNotesImages
Atoposauridae indet. Indeterminate Lam Pao Reservoir, Ban Noi, Sahatsakhan district, Kalasin province.[12] An isolated lanceolate tooth (PRCMR 282).[12] May be attributable to Theriosuchus.[12]
Khoratosuchus K. jintasakuli Ban Saphan Hin, Nakhon Ratchasima province.[13] A partial skull (NNRU-A 1803).[13] An advanced neosuchian.

Turtles
Turtles reported from the Khok Kruat Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation MaterialNotesImages
Kizylkumemys K. khoratensis Ban Saphan Hin and Ban Khok Kruat localities, Nakhon Ratchasima province.[14] Shell material.[14] A carettochelyid.
Shachemys S. sp. Ban Saphan Hin, Nakhon Ratchasima province.[14] Shell material.[14] An adocid, remains too fragmentary for specific assignment.

Bony fish
Bony fish reported from the Khok Kruat Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation MaterialNotesImages
Khoratamia K. phattharajani Ban Krok Duean Ha, Nakhon Ratchasima province.[15] Holotype (NRRU-F01020023), paratype (NRRU-F01020024) and a patch of scales (NRRU-F01020025).[15] An amiid.
Lanxangichthys L. sp. Khok Pha Suam, Ubon Ratchathani province.[16] A lepisosteiform.

Cartilaginous fish
Cartilaginous fish reported from the Khok Kruat Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation MaterialNotesImages
Acrorhizodus A. khoratensis Khok Pha Suam locality, Ubon Ratchathani province.[17] 5 teeth, most of them incomplete.[17] A hybodontiform.
Heteroptychodus H. aff. steinmanni Khok Pha Suam locality, Ubon Ratchathani province.[17] 20 teeth, most incomplete.[17] A ptychodontid.
Hybodus? H.? sp. Khok Pha Suam locality, Ubon Ratchathani province.[17] 22 incomplete teeth.[17] Possibly represents a new genus, but the available material is too fragmentary to warrant erecting a new taxon.[17]
Thaiodus T. ruchae Khok Pha Suam locality, Ubon Ratchathani province.[17] One incomplete tooth.[17] A hybodontid.

See also

References
  1. Eric Buffetaut (2009). Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society of London. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-86239-275-5.
  2. Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, Asia)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 563-570. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  3. Eric Buffetaut; Varavudh Suteethorn; Jean Le Loeuff; Sasidhorn Khansubha; Haiyan Tong; Kamonlak Wongko (2005). "New dinosaur species from the Upper Triassic Upper Maleri and Lower Dharmaram formations of central India". International Conference on Geology, Geotechnology and Mineral Resources of Indochina (GEOINDO 2005): 575–581.
  4. Chokchaloemwong, Duangsuda; Azuma, Yoichi; Shibata, Masateru; Jintasakul, Pratueng (2015). "The Carcharodontosaurid Teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation of Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand". 2nd International Symposium on Asian Dinosaurs 2015 Bangkok.
  5. Kozu, Shohei; Sardsud, Apsorn; Saesaengseerung, Doungrutai; Pothichaiya, Cherdchan; Agematsu, Sachiko; Sashida, Katsuo (2017-11-01). "Dinosaur footprint assemblage from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation, Khorat Group, northeastern Thailand". Geoscience Frontiers. 8 (6): 1479–1493. Bibcode:2017GeoFr...8.1479K. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2017.02.003. ISSN 1674-9871.
  6. Buffetaut, Eric & Suteethorn, Varavudh. (1992). A new species of the ornithischian dinosaur Psittacosaurus from the Early Cretaceous of Thailand. Palaeontology 35: 801-812.
  7. Shibata, Masateru; Jintasakul, Pratueng; Azuma, Yoichi (2011). "A New Iguanodontian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation, Nakhon Ratchasima in Northeastern Thailand". Acta Geologica Sinica. 85 (5): 969–976. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00230.x.
  8. Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2011). "A new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Khok Kruat Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) of northeastern Thailand". Annales de Paléontologie. 97 (1–2): 51–62. Bibcode:2011AnPal..97...51B. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2011.08.001.
  9. Shibata, Masateru; Jintasakul, Pratueng; Azuma, Yoichi; You, Hai-Lu (2015-12-30). "A New Basal Hadrosauroid Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Northeastern Thailand". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0145904. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1045904S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145904. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4696827. PMID 26716981.
  10. Milner, Angela; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2007). "A tall-spined spinosaurid theropod from Thailand and the biogeography of spinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (supplement 3): 118A. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  11. Chokchaloemwong, Duangsuda; Hattori, Soki; Cuesta, Elena; Jintasakul, Pratueng; Shibata, Masateru; Azuma, Yoichi (2019-10-09). "A new carcharodontosaurian theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand". PLOS ONE. 14 (10): e0222489. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1422489C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222489. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6784982. PMID 31596853.
  12. Lauprasert, Komsorn; Laojumpon, Chalida; Saenphala, Wanitchaphat; Cuny, Gilles; Thirakhupt, Kumthorn; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2010-06-12). "Atoposaurid crocodyliforms from the Khorat Group of Thailand: first record of Theriosuchus from Southeast Asia". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 85 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0071-z. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 128623617.
  13. Lauprasert, K.; Cuny, G.; Thirakhupt, K.; Suteethorn, V. (May 2009). "Khoratosuchus jintasakuli gen. et sp. nov., an advanced neosuchian crocodyliform from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) of NE Thailand". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 315 (1): 175–187. Bibcode:2009GSLSP.315..175L. doi:10.1144/sp315.13. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 131412579.
  14. Tong, Haiyan; Claude, Julien; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Naksri, Wilailuck; Buffetaut, Eric (May 2009). "Turtle assemblages of the Khorat Group (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) of NE Thailand and their palaeobiogeographical significance". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 315 (1): 141–152. Bibcode:2009GSLSP.315..141T. doi:10.1144/sp315.11. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 130709324.
  15. Deesri, Uthumporn; Naksri, Wilailuck; Jintasakul, Pratueng; Noda, Yoshikazu; Yukawa, Hirokazu; Hossny, Tamara El; Cavin, Lionel (April 2023). "A New Sinamiin Fish (Actinopterygii) from the Early Cretaceous of Thailand: Implications on the Evolutionary History of the Amiid Lineage". Diversity. 15 (4): 491. doi:10.3390/d15040491. ISSN 1424-2818.
  16. Cavin, Lionel; Deesri, Uthumporn; Veran, Monette; Khentavong, Bounsou; Jintasakul, Pratueng; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Allain, Ronan (2019-03-04). "A new Lepisosteiformes (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi) from the Early Cretaceous of Laos and Thailand, SE Asia". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (5): 393–407. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1426060. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 90886053.
  17. Cappetta, Henri; Buffetaut, Eric; Cuny, Gilles; Suteethorn, Varavudh (May 2006). "A New Elasmobranch Assemblage From The Lower Cretaceous of Thailand". Palaeontology. 49 (3): 547–555. Bibcode:2006Palgy..49..547C. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00555.x. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 129380407.
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