Korean Unification Government

The Unification Military Government held a central staff meeting on June 3, 1922 and decided to actively pursue integration with other organizations in the southern Manchuria area. The Unification Military Government decided to ‘open the Unification Military Government and unconditional unification with other organizations,’ At the Central Staff Meeting on June 3, 1922, the Unification Military Government announced that it would largely open its doors and unify with other organizations, but obey all public decisions, and negotiated with other independence movement groups.[5]

On August 23, 71 representatives from various organizations participating in Hwanin-hyeon gathered together at the Southern Manchuria Unification Conference. These included, the mutual military settlement, the Korean Independence Corps, Korean Liberation Army Camp, Korean Church, Korea Justice Military Camp, Korean Liberation Army General Camp, North Pyongan Provincial Government, the Northern Military Administration Office, Korean Independence Association, Korean People's Association (aka: Han Church), Korean Liberation Army Camp, Korean Justice Military Camp, and the Korean Liberation Army General Command (大韓光復軍總營).[5] Each organization resolved six issues, including dismantling and integrating all existing systems, changing the name of its military unit to Unification Government Volunteer Army, and preparing a charter with 9 chapters and 63 articles.[4] As a result of a discussion on the issue of unification of armed independence groups at a meeting held on August 23, it was agreed to unconditionally unify the Unification Military Government with the other organizations, but to obey all public decisions. Therefore, the Unification Military Government was reorganized into the Korean Unification Government.[3][4] On August 30, under the name of Kim Seung-man, Chairman of the Southern Han Chinese Unification Association, the meeting was held to announce the resolution of the formation of the Korean Unification Government.[4][2][5]

In December of the following year, Kim Woo-geun (金宇根) led the Volunteer Army and engaged in a battle with the Junggangjin Jeongjeong Artillery Guard, injuring 11 enemy soldiers. On the way back, they collided with a Chinese police unit, wounding one Chinese police officer.[1]

Because the Korean Unification Government was an alliance of various forces in the western Jiandao region from the time of its establishment, there were differences in ideology and policy from the beginning. In particular, the conflict between republicanism and monarchism was serious over the seizure of military power. The monarchists, who advocate for the monarchy and aim to return to the existing Joseon dynasty or the Korean Empire, and the republicans who favor the republican government, as seen in the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, envisioned an independent nation that was too different to achieve perfect integration. The conflict arising from the fact that the central organization, which was the leadership, was led by the republican faction, and the front-line commanders had republican tendencies.[1] The figure representing republicanism was Yang Gi-tak (梁起鐸, 1871–1938), and the figure representing monarchism was Jeon Deok-won (全德元, 1870–?) from the Righteous Army Command.[1]

On October 14, 1922, an incident occurred in which about 20 soldiers of the Pro-Japanese collaborators murdered Propaganda Director Kim Chang-ui (金昌義) and captured and beat key executives of Korean Unification Government, including Yang Gi-tak. Immediately after this incident occurred, Jeon Deok-won, Yang Gi-tak, and others tried to resolve it amicably, but despite this, the conflict between the monarchist faction and the republican faction within Unification Government worsened, leading to bloodshed.[1]

The conflict and dissatisfaction between monarchism and republicanism eventually led to an armed conflict in February 1923 between the two forces and the defection of monarchism. In the end, members of the monarchist faction, including Jeon Deok-won, Chae Sang-deok, Kim Pyeong-sik, Oh Seok-yeong, Park Dae-ho, and other monarchists within the volunteer army withdrew from the Korean Unification Government and reformed the Righteous Army Command. They declared that they would inherit Yu In-seok's loyalty and used the Yonghui era name to represent the tradition of the Righteous Army.[1] Excluding Jeon Deok-won from key positions in the early days of the founding of Unification Government caused dissatisfaction among republicans.[5]

Armed conflict continued between the Unification Government and the Uigunbu even after they were separated, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd companies of the volunteer army criticized the innocent sacrifices caused by the party conflict, appealed to gather under the banner of the provisional government, and withdrew from the Unification Government in May 1924. Subsequently, the 5th Company of the Volunteer Army also deserted Unification Government. They established the General Staff Headquarters as a military unit directly under the provisional government. In other words, the first division of Unification Government established the Uigunbu, and the second division created the General Staff Headquarters.[1][5][2]

The Unification Government began to reorganize again and maintain its troops after a large number of volunteer troops deserted, but the antagonism with General Staff Headquarters continued thereafter. Eventually, with the formation of the Righteous Government in November 1924, most of the independence activists who remained in the Unification Government joined the Righteous Government.[1] The 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th companies were newly organized around the remaining 4th company, maintaining the same five companies as before. However, the conflict between the Righteous Military Government and the General Staff Headquarters continued. Meanwhile, when the Righteous Government was organized in November 1924, most of the independence activists who remained in the Korean Unification Government joined the Righteous Government, and the issue was naturally resolved.[4]

The executives of the Unification Military Government of Korea were elected as President Chae Sang-deok, Secretary-General Ko Hwal-shin, Civil Affairs Department Director Lee Woong-hae, Military Department Director Lee Cheon-min, Education Director Kim Dong-sam, Business Department Director Byeon Chang-geun, Police Inspector Jeon Deok-won, and Commander Kim Chang-hwan. These people were mainly executives of the military administration and the Korean Independence Movement.[3]

There were a total of 73 executives of the Korean Unification Government. The executives of the Unification Government of Korea, which was expanded and reorganized which included, President Kim Dong-sam, Vice President Chae Sang-deok Secretary General Ko Hal-shin (Go Hwal-shin), Civil Affairs Department Head Lee Woong-hae , Negotiation Department Chief Kim Seung-man , Military Department Director Yang Gyu-yeol, and Justice Department Director Hyeon Jeong-gyeong, Finance Director Lee Byeong-gi, Academic Affairs Director Shin Eon-gap, Employment Department Director Byeon Chang-geun, Transportation Department Director Oh Dong-jin, Chief of Staff Lee Cheon-min, and Commander Kim Chang-hwan.[4][5][2]

Volunteer Army Training Grounds

Before the expansion, an armed independence army of 50 to 60 to 100 people was organized centered around Hwanin, Gwanjeon, and Jiganhyeon.[3]

In August 1922, the Volunteer Army, the military organization of Unification Government, consisted of 850 people (3,250 at its peak) and was organized into a total of 7 companies, including 5 companies under one battalion, plus an independent platoon, a guerrilla corps, and a military police corps. The volunteer army was formed by integrating the independence army units of existing organizations that participated in the Tonguibu, and each company was assigned jurisdiction and duties. They were deployed to 12 districts, including Heunggyeong (興京), Hwanin (桓仁), Tonghwa (通化), Gaipan (集安), and Yuha (柳河), were appointed as governors. They carried out independent military activities to destroy Japanese institutions and purge Zhou Gubai.[1][4]

The military activities of Unification Government include the procurement of weapons and military funds and the armed struggle developed based on this. The Unification Government distributed military funds and supplies through the Korean community within its jurisdiction, and raised military funds not only in the West Jiandao region but also throughout Korea, including Pyeongan and Gyeongseong. He raised military funds necessary for the armed struggle for independence by requesting funds from wealthy people in various places and issuing receipts, or by raiding gold mines.[1]

Unification Government actively carried out armed struggle using military funds raised from various parts of Manchuria and Korea. They attacked military stations in North Pyongan Province, bordering Manchuria, purged pro-Japanese personnel in the area under the jurisdiction of Unification Government, and attacked Japanese ruling institutions, including consulates and police stations, and engaged in battle with Japanese police. The plan to raise military funds within Joseon and establish the Gyeongseong branch of Tonguibu in Seoul became known to the public and attracted attention. In addition, the Ministry of Tongui sought a way out through military defense and negotiation against China, which attempted to restrain the independence army forces under the pressure of Japan at the time.[1]

Local administration established a governor's office in each prefecture and appointed officers below the governor's rank. The Chief Inspector was the head of 1,000 households, and each district was made up of 100 to 200 households depending on the local circumstances, and each district was divided into 4 and 5 districts, each with a district head. The governor and district chief protected Koreans in the region, collected taxes, and worked to promote the spirit of independence.[5] Self-governing activities were centered around the general office established in each region, and the general office was responsible for liaison with the central government, administrative work, tax collection, military fundraising, and promotion of independence ideas.[1]